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Web hosting service

2009-12-19T04:49:00.000-08:00

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own or lease for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

Service scope

The scope of hosting services varies widely. The most basic is web page and small-scale file hosting, where files can be uploaded via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a Web interface. The files are usually delivered to the Web "as is" or with little processing. Many Internet service providers (ISPs) offer this service free to their subscribers. People can also obtain Web page hosting from other, alternative service providers. Personal web site hosting is typically free, advertisement-sponsored, or cheap. Business web site hosting often has a higher expense.

Single page hosting is generally sufficient only for personal web pages. A complex site calls for a more comprehensive package that provides database support and application development platforms (e.g. PHP, Java, Ruby on Rails, ColdFusion, and ASP.NET). These facilities allow the customers to write or install scripts for applications like forums and content management. For e-commerce, SSL is also highly recommended.

The host may also provide an interface or control panel for managing the Web server and installing scripts as well as other services like e-mail. Some hosts specialize in certain software or services (e.g. e-commerce). They are commonly used by larger companies to outsource network infrastructure to a hosting company.

Hosting reliability and uptime

Hosting uptime refers to the percentage of time the host is accessible via the internet. Many providers state that they aim for at least 99.9% uptime (roughly equivalent to 45 minutes of downtime a month, or less), but there may be server restarts and planned (or unplanned) maintenance in any hosting environment, which may or may not be considered part of the official uptime promise.

Many providers tie uptime and accessibility into their own service level agreement (SLA). SLAs sometimes include refunds or reduced costs if performance goals are not met.

Types of hosting
A typical server "rack," commonly seen in colocation centres.

Internet hosting services can run Web servers; see Internet hosting services.

Hosting services limited to the Web:

Many large companies who are not internet service providers also need a computer permanently connected to the web so they can send email, files, etc. to other sites. They may also use the computer as a website host so they can provide details of their goods and services to anyone interested. Additionally these people may decide to place online orders.

* Free web hosting service: offered by different companies with limited services, sometimes supported by advertisements, and often limited when compared to paid hosting.
* Shared web hosting service: one's website is placed on the same server as many other sites, ranging from a few to hundreds or thousands. Typically, all domains may share a common pool of server resources, such as RAM and the CPU. The features available with this type of service can be quite extensive. A shared website may be hosted with a reseller.
* Reseller web hosting: allows clients to become web hosts themselves. Resellers could function, for individual domains, under any combination of these listed types of hosting, depending on who they are affiliated with as a provider. Resellers' accounts may vary tremendously in size: they may have their own virtual dedicated server to a collocated server. Many resellers provide a nearly identical service to their provider's shared hosting plan and provide the technical support themselves.
* Virtual Dedicated Server: also known as a Virtual Private Server (VPS), divides server resources into virtual servers, where resources can be allocated in a way that does not directly reflect the underlying hardware. VPS will often be allocated resources based on a one server to many VPSs relationship, however virtualisation may be done for a number of reasons, including the ability to move a VPS container between servers. The users may have root access to their own virtual space. Customers are sometimes responsible for patching and maintaining the server.
* Dedicated hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server and gains full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, the user typically does not own the server. Another type of Dedicated hosting is Self-Managed or Unmanaged. This is usually the least expensive for Dedicated plans. The user has full administrative access to the box, which means the client is responsible for the security and maintenance of his own dedicated box.
* Managed hosting service: the user gets his or her own Web server but is not allowed full control over it (root access for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their data via FTP or other remote management tools. The user is disallowed full control so that the provider can guarantee quality of service by not allowing the user to modify the server or potentially create configuration problems. The user typically does not own the server. The server is leased to the client.
* Colocation web hosting service: similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the user owns the colo server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server. This is the most powerful and expensive type of the web hosting service. In most cases, the colocation provider may provide little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for the server. In most cases for colo, the client would have his own administrator visit the data center on site to do any hardware upgrades or changes.
* Cloud Hosting: is a new type of hosting platform that allows customers powerful, scalable and reliable hosting based on clustered load-balanced servers and utility billing. Removing single-point of failures and allowing customers to pay for only what they use versus what they could use.
* Clustered hosting: having multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization. Clustered Servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution. A cluster may separate web serving from database hosting capability.
* Grid hosting: this form of distributed hosting is when a server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple nodes.
* Home server: usually a single machine placed in a private residence can be used to host one or more web sites from a usually consumer-grade broadband connection. These can be purpose-built machines or more commonly old PCs. Some ISPs actively attempt to block home servers by disallowing incoming requests to TCP port 80 of the user's connection and by refusing to provide static IP addresses. A common way to attain a reliable DNS hostname is by creating an account with a dynamic DNS service. A dynamic DNS service will automatically change the IP address that a URL points to when the IP address changes.

Some specific types of hosting provided by web host service providers:

* File hosting service: hosts files, not web pages
* Image hosting service
* Video hosting service
* Blog hosting service
* One-click hosting
* Pastebin Hosts text snippets
* Shopping cart software

Obtaining hosting

Web hosting is often provided as part of a general Internet access plan; there are many free and paid providers offering these services.

A customer needs to evaluate the requirements of the application to choose what kind of hosting to use. Such considerations include database server software, scripting software, and operating system. Most hosting providers provide Linux-based web hosting which offers a wide range of different software. A typical configuration for a Linux server is the LAMP platform: Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP/Perl/Python. The webhosting client may want to have other services, such as email for their business domain, databases or multi-media services for streaming media. A customer may also choose Windows as the hosting platform. The customer still can choose from PHP, Perl, and Python but may also use ASP .Net or Classic ASP.

Web hosting packages often include a Web Content Management System, so the end-user doesn't have to worry about the more technical aspects. These Web Content Management systems are great for the average user, but for those who want more control over their website design, this feature may not be adequate. You can always use any content management system on your servers and modify them at your will. A few good examples include wordpress, Joomla, Drupal and mediawiki.

One may also search the Internet to find active webhosting message boards and forums that may provide feedback on what type of webhosting company may suit his/her needs.

Dedicated hosting service

2009-12-19T04:43:00.000-08:00

A dedicated hosting service, dedicated server, or managed hosting service is a type of Internet hosting in which the client leases an entire server not shared with anyone. This is more flexible than shared hosting, as organizations have full control over the server(s), including choice of operating system, hardware, etc. Server administration can usually be provided by the hosting company as an add-on service. In some cases a dedicated server can offer less overhead and a larger return on investment. Dedicated servers are most often housed in data centers, similar to colocation facilities, providing redundant power sources and HVAC systems. In contrast to colocation, the server hardware is owned by the provider and in some cases they will provide support for your operating system or applications.

Operating system support

Availability, price and employee familiarity often determines which operating systems are offered on dedicated servers. Variations of Linux (open source operating systems) are often included at no charge to the customer. Commercial operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server, provided through a special program called Microsoft SPLA. Red Hat Enterprise is a commercial version of Linux offered to hosting providers on a monthly fee basis. The monthly fee provides OS updates through the Red Hat Network using an application called yum. Other operating systems are available from the open source community at no charge. These include CentOS, Fedora Core, Debian, and many other Linux distributions or BSD systems FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD.

Support for any of these operating systems typically depends on the level of management offered with a particular dedicated server plan. Operating system support may include updates to the core system in order to acquire the latest security fixes, patches, and system-wide vulnerability resolutions. Updates to core operating systems include kernel upgrades, service packs, application updates, and security patches that keep server secure and safe. Operating system updates and support relieves the burden of server management from the dedicated server owner.

Bandwidth and connectivity

Bandwidth refers to the data transfer rate or the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a given time period (usually a second) and is often represented in bits (of data) per second (bit/s). For example, visitors to your server, web site, or applications utilize bandwidth as the traffic moves from your server to the Internet and vice versa. Connectivity refers to the “access providers” that supply bandwidth, or data transfer rate, through various connection points across a network or footprint to one or multiple data centers where dedicated servers are housed.

Bandwidth measurements are defined (per telecom standards) as the following:

* First – 95th (measured using average bits and speed of transfer)
* Second – Unmetered (measured in speed or bits)
* Third – Total Transfer (measured in bytes transferred)

95th Method: line speed, billed on the 95th percentile, average or peak usage, refers to the speed in which data flows from the server or device. Line speed is measured in bits per second (or kilobits per second, megabits per second or gigabits per second).

Unmetered Method: The second bandwidth measurement is unmetered service where providers cap or control the “top line” speed for a server. Top line speed in unmetered bandwidth is the total Mbit/s allocated to the server and configured on the switch level. For example, if you purchase 10 Mbit/s unmetered bandwidth, the top line speed would be 10 Mbit/s. 10 Mbit/s would result in the provider controlling the speed transfers take place while providing the ability for the dedicated server owner to not be charged with bandwidth overages. Unmetered bandwidth services usually incur an additional charge.

Total Transfer Method: Some providers will calculate the Total Transfer, the measurement of actual data leaving and arriving, measured in bytes. Measurement between providers varies, though it is either the total traffic in, the total traffic out, whichever is the greater or the sum of the two.

One of the reasons for choosing to outsource dedicated servers is the availability of high powered networks from multiple providers. As dedicated server providers utilize massive amounts of bandwidth, they are able to secure lower volume based pricing to include a multi-provider blend of bandwidth. To achieve the same type of network without a multi-provider blend of bandwidth, a large investment in core routers, long term contracts, and expensive monthly bills would need to be in place. The expenses needed to develop a network without a multi-provider blend of bandwidth does not make sense economically for hosting providers.

Many dedicated server providers include a service level agreement based on network uptime. Some dedicated server hosting providers offer a 100% uptime guarantee on their network. By securing multiple vendors for connectivity and using redundant hardware, providers are able to guarantee higher uptimes; usually between 99-100% uptime if they are a higher quality provider. One aspect of higher quality providers is they are most likely to be multi-homed across multiple quality uplink providers, which in turn, provides significant redundancy in the event one goes down in addition to potentially improved routes to destinations.

Bandwidth consumption over the last several years has shifted from a per megabit usage model to a per gigabyte usage model. Bandwidth was traditionally measured in line speed access that included the ability to purchase needed megabits at a given monthly cost. As the shared hosting model developed, the trend towards gigabyte or total bytes transferred, replaced the megabit line speed model so dedicated server providers started offering per gigabyte.

Prominent players in the dedicated server market offer large amounts of bandwidth ranging from 500 gigabytes to 3000 gigabytes using the “overselling” model. It is not uncommon for major players to provide dedicated servers with 1Terabyte (TB) of bandwidth or higher. Usage models based on the byte level measurement usually include a given amount of bandwidth with each server and a price per gigabyte after a certain threshold has been reached. Expect to pay additional fees for bandwidth overage usage. For example, if a dedicated server has been given 3000 gigabytes of bandwidth per month and the customer uses 5000 gigabytes of bandwidth within the billing period, the additional 2000 gigabytes of bandwidth will be invoiced as bandwidth overage. Each provider has a different model for billing. As of yet, no industry standards have been set.

Management

To date, no industry standards have been set to clearly define the management role of dedicated server providers. What this means is that each provider will use industry standard terms, but each provider will define them differently. For some dedicated server providers, fully managed is defined as having a web based control panel while other providers define it as having dedicated system engineers readily available to handle all server and network related functions of the dedicated server provider.

Server management can include some or all of the following:

* Operating system updates
* Application updates
* Server monitoring
* SNMP hardware monitoring
* Application monitoring
* Application management
* Technical support
* Firewall services
* Antivirus updates
* Security audits
* DDoS protection and mitigation
* Intrusion detection
* Backups and restoration
* Disaster recovery
* DNS hosting service
* Load balancing
* Database administration
* Performance tuning
* Software installation and configuration
* User management
* Programming consultation

Dedicated hosting server providers define their level of management based on the services they provide. In comparison, fully managed could equal self managed from provider to provider.

Administrative maintenance of the operating system, often including upgrades, security patches, and sometimes even daemon updates are included. Differing levels of management may include adding users, domains, daemon configuration, or even custom programming.

Dedicated server hosting providers may provide the following types of server managed support:

* Fully Managed - Includes monitoring, software updates, reboots, security patches and operating system upgrades. Customers are completely hands-off.
* Managed - Includes medium level of management, monitoring, updates, and a limited amount of support. Customers may perform specific tasks.
* Self Managed - Includes regular monitoring and some maintenance. Customers provide most operations and tasks on dedicated server.
* Unmanaged - Little to no involvement from service provider. Customers provide all maintenance, upgrades, patches, and security.

Note: The provider will continue to maintain security on the network regardless of support level.

Security

Dedicated hosting server providers utilize extreme security measures to ensure the safety of data stored on their network of servers. Providers will often deploy various software programs for scanning systems and networks for obtrusive invaders, spammers, hackers, and other harmful problems such as Trojans, worms, eggdrops and crashers (Sending multiple connections). Linux and Windows use different software for security protection.

Software

Providers often bill for dedicated servers on a fixed monthly price to include specific software packages. Over the years, software vendors realized the significant market opportunity to bundle their software with dedicated servers. They have since started introducing pricing models that allow dedicated hosting providers the ability to purchase and resell software based on reduced monthly fees.

Microsoft offers software licenses through a program called the Service Provider License Agreement. The SPLA model provides use of Microsoft products through a monthly user or processor based fee. SPLA software includes the Windows Operating System, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft SharePoint and shoutcast hosting, and many other server based products.

Dedicated Server Providers usually offer the ability to select the software you want installed on a dedicated server. Depending on the overall usage of the server, this will include your choice of operating system, database, and specific applications. Servers can be customized and tailored specific to the customer’s needs and requirements.

Other software applications available are specialized web hosting specific programs called control panels. Control panel software is an all inclusive set of software applications, server applications, and automation tools that can be installed on a dedicated server. Control panels include integration into web servers, database applications, programming languages, application deployment, server administration tasks, and include the ability to automate tasks via a web based front end.

Most dedicated servers are packaged with a control panel. Control panels are often confused with management tools, but these control panels are actually web based automation tools created to help automate the process of web site creation and server management. Control panels should not be confused with a full server management solution by a dedicated hosting provider.

Limitations

Many providers do not allow IRC (bots, clients or daemons). This is due to rogue IRC users triggering DDoS attacks against the provider, which may overwhelm their networks, lowering service quality for all customers.

* Adult content is disallowed by many providers as it may either be of questionable legality or consume large amounts of bandwidth.
* Copyright violation Hosting copyrighted material of which you do not own the copyright to is almost always against the terms of service of all hosting companies.

Domain Name

2009-12-19T04:42:00.000-08:00

A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS).

Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, net and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public.

Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, or hostnames. Hostnames are the leaf labels in the domain name system usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as web sites (e.g., en.wikipedia.org).

Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the DomainKeys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, and in many other Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).

An important purpose of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource (e.g., website) to be moved to a different physical location in the address topology of the network, globally or locally in an intranet. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource and the corresponding translation of this IP address to and from its domain name.

Domain names are often referred to simply as domains and domain name registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners, although domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use.

This article primarily discusses the group of domain names that are offered by domain name registrars for registration by the public. The Domain Name System article discusses the technical facilities and infrastructure of the domain name space and the hostname article deals with specific information about the use of domain names as identifiers of network hosts.

Top-level domains

The top-level domains (TLDs) are the highest level of domain names of the Internet. They form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends in a top-level or first-level domain label.

When the Domain Name System was created in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains. The country code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of ISO-3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations. These were the domains GOV, EDU, COM, MIL, ORG, NET, and INT.

During the growth of the Internet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of June 2009, there are 20 generic top-level domains and 248 country code top-level domains. In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.

During the 32nd International Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008, ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process. Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domain to be registered.

Second-level and lower level domains

Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain en.wikipedia.org, wikipedia is the second-level domain.

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is www.sos.state.oh.us. The www preceding the domains is the host name of the World-Wide Web server. Each label is separated by a full stop (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.g., 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g., microsoft.com), product or service (e.g., gmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, ftp.wikipedia.org might be an FTP server, www.wikipedia.org would be a World Wide Web server, and mail.wikipedia.org could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Modern technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

Allowed character set

Domain name registrations have traditionally only been allowed for names that consist only of letters, digits and the hyphen (-) from the ASCII character set, as in hostnames. This character set excludes characters commonly found in non-English languages, and does not allow multi-byte characters necessary for most Asian languages. Internationalized domain names (IDNs) permit such characters and many registries allow such names as second-level domains. As of November 16, 2009, ICANN is accepting applications for IDN country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) that represent country-specific names in the language-native writing system consisting of non-Latin symbols. Such top-level domains are expected to be installed in the DNS root for successful applications in 2010.

Internationalized domain names are represented in the Domain Name System in the original DNS character set, uniquely transcribed using Punycode on a per-label basis. In applications, the IDN domain names are represented in multi-byte unicode, suitable for display of the native script to users. However, applications must be appropriately designed to use the IDN domain names. The infrastructure of the Internet does not require any modifications.

The underscore character is permitted in names used in the Domain Name System, and is frequently used to ensure that a domain name is not recognized as a hostname, as in the use of DNS server records (SRV), for example. Other naming systems often used in conjunction with DNS, such as NetBIOS, allow it.

The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full stop (dot, .).

Official assignment

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has overall responsibility for managing the DNS. It administers the root domain, delegating control over each TLD to a domain name registry. For ccTLDs, the domain registry is typically installed by the government of that country. ICANN has a consultation role in these domain registries but cannot regulate the terms and conditions of how domain names are delegated in each of the country-level domain registries. On the other hand, the generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are governed directly under ICANN, which means all terms and conditions are defined by ICANN with the cooperation of each gTLD registry.

Domain names are often seen in analogy to real estate in that (1) domain names are foundations on which a website (like a house or commercial building) can be built and (2) the highest "quality" domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand-building potential, use in advertising, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.

A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even cost-free domain registrations with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder (often referred to as a domain owner) can give away or sell infinite number of subdomains under their domain name. For example, the owner of example.edu could provide subdomains such as foo.example.edu and foo.bar.example.edu to interested parties.

Resale of domain names

The business of resale of previously registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name. Annually tens of millions of dollars change hands in connection with the resale of domains. Large numbers of registered domain names lapse and are deleted each year. On average, more than 25,000 domain names drop (are deleted) every day.

Domain aftermarket prices and trends

Domain name sales occurring in the aftermarket are frequently submitted to the DN journal. The sales are listed weekly and include the top aftermarket resellers which include but are not limited to Sedo, Traffic (auctions), Afternic, NameJet, Moniker and private sales.

To date, and according to Guinness World Records and MSNBC, the most expensive domain name sales on record as of 2004 were:

* Business.com for $7.5 million in December 1999
* AsSeenOnTv.com for $5.1 million in January 2000
* Altavista.com for $3.3 million in August 1998
* Wine.com for $2.9 million in September 1999
* CreditCards.com for $2.75 million in July 2004
* Autos.com for $2.2 million in December 1999

Domain name confusion

Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name. However, DNS names are case-insensitive, and some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com, which can be misread as whore presents. Similarly, a therapists' network is named therapistfinder.com. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by use of hyphens in the domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, the programmers' site, for a long time used expertsexchange.com, but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com.

Leo Stoller threatened to sue the owners of StealThisEmail.com on the basis that, when read as stealthisemail.com, it infringed on claimed (but invalid) trademark rights to the word "stealth".

Use in web site hosting

A domain name is a component of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) used to access web sites, for example:

URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
Domain name: www.example.net
Second-level domain name: example.net

A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses to provide server redundancy for the services delivered. This is used for large, popular web sites. More commonly, however, one server at a given IP address may also host multiple web sites in different domains. Such address overloading is possible through a feature in the HTTP version 1.1 protocol (but not in HTTP 1.0) which requires that a request identifies the domain name being referenced. This enables virtual web hosting commonly used by large web hosting services to conserve IP address space.

For example, the web server at IP address 208.77.188.166 handles all HTTP page requests to the following domain names:

example.com
www.example.com
example.net
www.example.net
example.org
www.example.org

Xilisoft Media Toolkit Ultimate 5.0.46.1113 All in 1

2009-03-10T07:36:00.000-07:00

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Xilisoft Audio Converter 2.1.74.0303

2009-03-07T03:38:00.000-08:00

Xilisoft Audio Converter can extract the audio tracks from

AVI,XviD,DivX,MPEG,WMV and ASF and save them as any popular audio

formats like P3, WAV, WMA, MP2, VQF, APE, OGG, AAC, FLAC.

In addition, the software can convert between MP3, WMA, WAV, OGG, MP2,

VQF, APE, AAC and FLAC with high ripping speed and friendly interface.

The software supports ID3 tag and batch conversion. Users are able to edit

the output path or use the same one as the input path or delete the original

files. All settings are easy to use.

This application can extract tracks from AVI, XviD, DivX, WMV files and

supports batch conversion.

Xilisoft Audio Converter copies ID3 tag between audio formats (reserve ID3

tag during conversion). When converting to MP3, bit rate, VBR or CBR, stereo

or mono are selectable. When converting to WAV, sample rate, stereo or

mono and compression method are selectable.

Here are some key features of "Xilisoft Audio Converter":

· Convert between MP3, M4A, WAV, WMA, MP4, MP2, VQF, APE, OGG, AAC

and FLAC;

· Convert AVI, MPEG, WMV, ASF to MP3, WAV, WMA, MP4, M4A, MP2, VQF,

APE, OGG, AAC and FLAC;

· Support batch conversion;

· Copy ID3 tag between audio formats ( reserve ID3 tag during conversion);

· When converting to MP3, bitrate, VBR or CBR, stereo or mono are

selectable;

· When converting to WAV, sample rate, stereo or mono and compression

method are selectable;

· Users are able to edit the output path or use the same one as the input

path;

· Allow users to select whether delete the original files.

Size: 2.71 MB

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/205239727/Xilisoft.Audio.Converter.2.1.74.0303.IQ8Y1.rar

WinAVI Video Converter 9.0

2009-03-07T03:37:00.000-08:00

Convert all the popular AV formats, at an unmatchable speed and high quality! Supports burning. The Wizard of AV conversion.
WinAVI Video Converter is a ALL-IN-ONE solution for video file converting and burning, easy to use and powerful for experts. Just one click to convert with beautiful user interface.
WinAVI Video Converter is software for video conversion. By using our product, users are released from the limitations and difficulties of video formats. It can support almost all formats of video including AVI, MPEG1/2/4, VCD/SVCD/DVD, DivX, XVid, ASF, WMV, RM, QuickTime MOV, Flash SWF. Also, it allows you to burn to VCD/SVCD/DVD. A powerful AV compress engine can complete a whole AVI movie conversion and burn it to DVD just in 1 hour. You can enjoy the film with your home & PC DVD Player.

Features:
- AVI to DVD
- AVI to MPEG
- AVI to VCD
- AVI to MPG
- Flash SWF conversion
- It can convert all formats to MPEG1/2, VCD, SVCD, and DVD and burn to VCD, SVCD, or DVD disc.
- It can convert all video formats to AVI/WMV/RM/ASF/Divx/Xvid
- QuickTime MOV conversion.
- Real DVD Navigator encoder included.
- DirectAC3 technology supports AC3 5.1, which is state of the art technology. It is up to 20% faster with AVI files including AC3 audio.
- Real Dolby AC3 audio encoder included.
- Burning VCD/SVCD/DVD.
- Stunning video and audio quality.
- User-friendly interface that is easy to use.
- Has the option to preview the video in real-time.
- Has the option to automatically shutdown your computer when the conversion has been completed.

Homepage -
Code:

http://www.winavi.com

Size: 5.36 MB

Download Full

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/75112194/21412.zip

Virtual DJ Pro 5.2

2009-03-07T03:36:00.000-08:00

Video Capture Factory v7.1.0.88

2009-03-07T03:35:00.001-08:00

Free Video Capture Factory is an excellent video tool designed to accommodate your video capturing needs. You can capture video or image from other devices, DV and TV Tuner easily, browse or edit recorded media files. The captured file can be saved as AVI format in minutes. Video Capture Factory is suitable for both new users and experienced users for its integrated effective settings and user-friendly interface. It can set video compression codec, device properties and cameral properties. Motion detection functions can help you to test the sensitivity when you move camera and set desired alarm code. Just try it and let it do more with your video capture.

Application features:

* Capture video or image from other devices like USB webcams, TV tuner and DV in real time
* Adjustable motion detection settings
* Snapshot pictures with hotkeys
* Set properties for each capture device
* Support AVI video file format
* Adjustable output video file size
* Record video and even sound (audio device connected)
* Auto-tune TV channels
* Adjustable brightness, contrast, saturation and hue
* Preview and record video files in files browse

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/203481052/Video.Capture.Factory.v7.1.0.88.WinALL.Regged-YPOGEiOS.rar

Total Video Converter 3.20 Full

2009-03-07T03:34:00.001-08:00

Total Video Converter is a complete solution for video conversion which supports reading, playing all kinds of video and audio formats and converting them to the popular video formats. Total Video Converter includes a powerful media conversion engine internally so that you can convert media files with very fast speed.

Main Features:
# Convert all kinds of videos to mobile videos or audios (mp4, 3gp, xvid, divx mpeg4 avi, amr audio) which are used by cell-phone, PDA, PSP, iPod;
# Photos slide show combines multi-photos and musics with more than 300 photos fantasy transition effect;
# High compatibility and high efficiency for Importing RMVB or RM video/audio;
# Convert various videos to MPEG videos compatible with standard DVD/SVCD/VCD;
# Burn the converted videos to DVD/SVCD/VCD;
# Rip DVD to popular videos of all sorts;
# Extract audio from various of videos and convert which to all kinds of audios (mp3, ac3, ogg, wav, aac);
# RIP CD to audios of all sorts directly;

Support All popular video and audio formats:
avi,dat,3gp,qt,mov,mpg,mpeg,m1v,wmv,asf,ogm,mkv,ds m,vob,mp4,ra,rm,ram,amr, 3gp,3gp2,3g2,3gpp,psp,flv,fli,flc,rmvb,rpm,gif,ifo ,mp3,ac3,wav,aac,aiff,au,cda,m

Total Video Converter supports generating the following file formats:

Output Video Formats:

. MPEG4(.mp4) . 3gp(.3gp, 3g2)
. Game Psp(.psp) . MPEG1(.mpg, mpeg)
. NTSC, PAL DVD mpeg . NTSC, PAL SVCD mpeg
. NTSC, PAL VCD mpeg . Ms Mpeg4 AVI(.avi)
. Divx AVI(.avi) . Xvid AVI(.avi)
. H264 AVI(.avi) . Mjpeg AVI(.avi)
. HuffYUV AVI(.avi) . Swf Video(.swf)
. Flv Video (.flv) . Gif Animation(.gif)
. Mpeg4 Mov(.mov) . Apple Quicktime(.mov)
. FLIC format(.fli, .flc) . Gif Animation(.gif)

Outpu Audio Formats:

. mp3, mp2 . wav
. aac . ogg
. amr . awb
. m4a

DOWNLOAD:

http://uploading.com/files/SF5C9VQ1/Total.Video.Converter.3.20.090104.rar.html

Super v2008 Audio Video Converter

2009-03-07T03:33:00.001-08:00

Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer. A GUI to ffmpeg, mencoder, mplayer, x264, ffmpeg2theora & the theora/vorbis RealProducer plugIn.

If you need a simple, yet very efficient tool to convert (encode) or play any Multimedia file, without reading manuals or spending long hours training, then SUPER is all you need. It is a Multimedia Encoder and a Multimedia Player, easy-to-use with 1 simple click.

SUPER supports a wide variety of input/source file format to play or encode (to & from) without any additional third party software:
Video format: 3gp/3g2(Nokia,Siemens,Sony,Ericsson) asf, avi (DivX,H263,H263+,H264,Xvid,MPEG4,MSmpeg4 etc..), fli, flc, flv (used in Flash), mpg (Mpeg I,Mpeg II), mov(H263,H263+,H264,MPEG4 etc..), mp4(H263,H263+,H264,MPEG4), ogg, qt, rm, str (Play Station), swf (Flash), viv, vob, wmv
Audio format: ac3, amr, mp2, mp3, mp4, ogg, ra, wma
AviSynth Script Files: avs. ALL Input/source files that fail to encode, will be encoded without error when using AviSynth scripts.

Download:

http://uploading.com/files/NY17CMBH/SUPER_v2008.rar.html

Super Mp3 Recorder Pro 6.2 (Portable)

2009-03-07T03:32:00.001-08:00

Super Mp3 Recorder Professional 6.2, the powerful recorder, editor and player, makes a complete recording studio of your computer. With the recorder you can record voice from microphone, internet streaming audio, or music played by Winamp, Windows Media Player, Quick Time, Real Player, Flash, games, etc.

Super Mp3 Recorder Pro is able to automatically detect the recording formats your sound card supports and then set the application's parameters for the best possible performance. The recordings can be saved as .mp3, .wav, .wma, .vqf and .ogg files. What makes Super Mp3 Recorder Pro more powerful is its editing feature. It can edit audio files as you desire by cutting, copying, pasting, trimming and various DSP effects. Another useful feature is recording schedule which enables automatic recording, that is, Super Mp3 Recorder Pro starts and stops recording at any time you want.

Super Mp3 Recorder Pro has a Voice Activation System with which you can choose to skip silent passages, or stop the recording after a certain amount of silence. This option is especially useful when you're recording streaming audio and net congestion temporarily stops the stream. Instead of having a big blank spot in your recording, Super Mp3 Recorder Pro will just pause and wait for the signal to reappear.

Download

http://uploading.com/files/GHV2HW4S/mp3recorder.rar.html.html

Speed Video Converter 4.4.6 - Portable

2009-03-07T03:31:00.001-08:00

Convert video files between avi,mpeg,wmv,rm,quicktime,vob,dat,vcd,svcd,dvd. Speed Video Converter is a small video conversion tool. Fast conversion speed and easy user interface are its distinct strong points. Speed Video Converter allows you to quickly convert your video files in just a few clicks.

Download:

http://rapidshare.com/files/204348407/Speed_Video_Converter_v4.4.6_Portable.rar

Soundbase 2009.02.20

2009-03-07T03:30:00.001-08:00

Soundbase is an all in one tool to manage, edit and play your music collection. It provides a solid package of features that covers all the basic things you expect from a music manager, but with an unparalleled level of speed and flexibility.The high processing speed makes it the solution for managing and editing large music libraries. Enjoy your music without the frustration of waiting for your system to locate or edit your music files.

Download:

http://rapidshare.com/files/204348359/Soundbase_2009.02.20.rar

i-Sound MP3 WMA Recorder Pro 6.9.1.0

2009-03-07T03:29:00.001-08:00

i-Sound WMA MP3 Recorder turn your computer into complete audio recording studio. You can record sound from internal or external source into MP3, OGG, WMA, WAV, APE format sound file directly without costing any other disk space. i-Sound WMA MP3 Recorder allows you to record sound without running out of memory as long as there's enough disk space. By using WMA MP3 Recorder you can record sounds from MIDI, Internet broadcasts, streaming media (e.g. QuickTime Player, Realplayer, Games, DVD Players...) and your microphone.

Key features:

* Built-in advanced Recording Scheduler
* Built-in Tag Editor
* Built-in player with spectrum display
* Automatic sound card settings detect
* Real-time noise reduction with Lowpass, Highpass and Notch filters.
* System-wide HotKeys
* VOX (Voice Activated Recording System)
* Flexible naming rules
* Stereo VU-meter to control recording level in real time
* Send recording by e-mail directly from recorder
* "Mixer Lock" prevent mixer switching during recording
* CD quality recording
* Easy-to-use skinnable user-friendly interface

Download

http://uploading.com/files/HC7WA10I/i-Sound.MP3.WMA.Recorder.Pro.v6.9.1.0.Wi...rar.html

ImTOO 3GP Video Converter 5.1.21.0220

2009-03-07T03:28:00.001-08:00

ImTOO 3GP Converter is the professional 3GP conversion tool to convert video to 3GP, such as convert AVI to 3GP and MPEG to 3GP. The 3GP video converter can also convert H.264/AVC, RM, MP4, MOV, WMV, etc., to 3GP, and convert 3GP to AVI and 3GP to MPEG. Download ImTOO 3GP Video Converter for free and convert video to 3GP movies playable on Motorola, Nokia mobile phone or other 3GP file players now!
3GP Video Converter, convert AVI to 3GP video, convert MPEG to 3GP converter

* ImTOO 3GP Video Converter is highly easy-to-handle 3GP converter software which makes 3GP conversion a breeze by automating all tasks with high quality.
* No other 3GP converters like ImTOO 3GP Video Converter supports so comprehensive video/audio files including AVI, MPEG, GIF, WMV, H.264/AVC, 3GP, MP4, MP3, WMA, WAV, M4A, AAC, OGG, etc., with abundant built-in codecs.
* This 3GP mobile video converter supports brand new profiles - BlackBerry MP4, BlackBerry 3GP, BlackBerry AVI and BlackBerry AMR with BlackBerry cellphone video added into the 3GP converter.
* With various settings and high conversion speed, ImTOO 3GP Video Converter is an affordable and high quality 3GP converter worthy of owning!

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/205217310/ImTOO_3GP_Video_Converter_standart_5.1.21.0220.rar

DVDFab Platinum v5.2.3.2 FINAL

2009-03-07T03:26:00.000-08:00

DVDFab Platinum is the most powerful and flexible DVD copying/burning software. With 8 copy modes, you can back up any DVD to DVDR in just a few clicks. DVDFab Platinum is brand new, is completely rewritten, is based on more than 6 years of DVD copy software development.
DVDFab is simply the easiest way to copy a DVD movie. Just insert the movie and a blank DVD then press Start. Your entire movie - including menus, trailers and special features - is copied to a single DVD with just one click, and everything happens automatically. Backup your entire DVD - including menus, trailers, and special features - onto one or multiple discs.

FEATURES:

A. DVD to DVD
1. 8 DVD to DVD copy modes available: Full Disc, Main Movie, Split, Customize, Customize Split, Clone, Merge and Write Data.
2. Full Disc: All movies, menus and trailers, is copied to a DVD with just one click.
3. Main Movie: Just copy the movie, with specific audio/subpicture.
4. Split: Copy a DVD-9 onto two DVD-5 discs with 100% quality, and preserve original menus on both discs. Ideal for episodic/season DVD movies, TV series, etc.
5. Customize: Personalize your DVDs! Want to make a DVD with only your favorite titles? How about cutting out those annoying commercials? Or selecting specific audio/subpicture? No problem! You can select just your favorite titles, specify the title playback order, with or without original menus, to create a DVD with only the stuff you want!
6. Customize Split: Copy a DVD-9 onto two DVD-5 discs using "Customize" way. Ideal for episode/season DVD.
7. Clone: Make perfect 1:1 bit-to-bit copy of DVDs:
* Make perfect dual layer DVD copy by using the original layer break position.
* Copy data DVD disc, like PS2 DVD.
8. Merge: Combine several titles of several sources into one DVD:
* Combine two DVD-9 like "The Lord of the Rings" into one DVD-9.
* Merge season DVDs to fewer discs.
* Create your own special features collection disc.
9. Write Data: Burn existing DVD folder or ISO image file to DVD writer, or convert DVD folder to ISO image file.
10. Burn to any blank DVD Disc (DVD+R/RW, DVD-R/RW, DVD+R DL, DVD-R DL).
11. Constantly updated to support latest DVD burners and blank DVD discs.

B. Benefits
1. Remove all DVD copy protections, like CSS, CPPM, RC, RCE, APS, UOPs, ARccOS, RipGuard, FluxDVD, CORE X2, etc.
2. Constantly updated to support latest DVD copy protections.
3. Very fast copying speed, normally it's about 10 - 20 minutes.
4. Backup scratched/dirty disc:
* Even if some information (IFO) cannot be read, you can still copy Main Movie or Customize.
* Recovery from DVD reading (VOB) error.
5. Support both NTSC and PAL DVD.
6. Preview title like real DVD player.

DVDFab Mobile Option
Working with DVDFab Platinum/Gold, DVDFab Mobile Option converts DVD title to AVI/MP4/WMV/MKV files which can be played on mobile devices like iPod, PSP, ZUNE, cell phone, etc.

Features Highlight:
1. 10 DVD to Mobile copy mode available: Generic, iPod, PSP, ZUNE, NDS, Xbox 360, PS3, Cell Phone, PVP and PDA. More devices support can be added manually.
2. Generic: Convert DVD title to MPEG-4/DivX/XVID/H.264 AVI/MP4 file, which can be played on PC. It also supports all other devices which are not listed in navigation bar.
3. iPod: Convert DVD title to MPEG-4/H.264 MP4 file, which can be played on Apple iPod.
4. PSP: Convert DVD title to MPEG-4/H.264 MP4 file, which can be played on Sony PSP.
5. ZUNE: Convert DVD title to WMV file, which can be played on Microsoft ZUNE.
6. NDS: Convert DVD title to DPG file, which can be played on Nintendo DS.
7. Xbox 360: Convert DVD title to WMV file, which can be played on Microsoft Xbox 360.
8. PS3: Convert DVD title to MPEG-4/H.264 MP4 file, which can be played on Sony Play Station 3.
9. Convert DVD title to specific format which is supported by Cell Phone, PVP (Portable Video Player) and PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
10. Crop automatically to remove the black bar on many widescreen movies.
11. Allow user to resize output from letterbox to pan&scan.

Works on Windows Vista/XP/2000/98/ME (32-bit/64-bit), Linux (with Wine).

January 22, 2009
DVDFab 5.2.3.2 Updated!

* New: Added support for a new copy protection as found on "The Express" (US).
* New: Updated language files.
* Fix: A crash problem when previewing DVD or converting DVD to Mobile in certain cases.
* Fix: An error 400 when copying DVD in certain cases.
* Fix: A freeze problem when copying DVD in certain cases.

Homepage -
Code:

http://www.dvdfab.com/dvd-fab-platinum.htm

Download
Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/198610445/DVDfab5232.rar

Cucusoft Ipod Movie-Video v.5.03

2009-03-07T03:24:00.001-08:00

Cucusoft iPod Movie/Video Converter is the easiest-to-use video converter software for Apple iPod Movie and iPod Video. It can convert almost all video format, e.g. DivX, XviD, MOV, rm, rmvb, MPEG, VOB, DVD, WMV, AVI to iPod Movie / iPod Video format. It is also a powerful iPod movie/video converter with fast conversion speed. And the output iPos movie/video supports iPod screen, you can enjoy your favorite movie on your iPod as a MPEG-4 Player. Now you can get this iPod video converter at a very competitive price!

Code:

http://uploading.com/files/QP4L0XVI/Cucusoft.iPod.Movie-Video.Converter.v2.0_G4r.rar.htmls

Corel VideoStudio Pro X2 v12.0.98.0

2009-03-07T03:22:00.000-08:00

Corel VideoStudio Pro X2 is powerful video editing software for creating high-quality HD and standard-definition movies, slideshows and DVDs. Work with video and photos from camcorders, digital cameras or mobile phones. Edit your footage quickly and easily with the time-saving Movie Wizard, or take full creative control with professional tools. Add eye-catching animated menus and titles, transitions, music and special effects. Even paint, write or draw freehand on your video. Show off your movies on standard DVDs, or high-definition AVCHD and Blu-ray discs with stunning menus. Share on mobile devices such as PSP, iPod or iPhone, upload directly to YouTube, or watch with Corel WinDVD, the world's No. 1 playback software.

Product Features
* Complete video solution--Capture, edit, author, burn and view the latest high-definition video; Share on DVD, AVCHD, Blu-ray Disc, and mobile devices, or upload directly to YouTube
* Create sophisticated montages and picture-in-picture effects with multiple video, audio and title tracks including transitions on overlay tracks and auto crossfades; plus turn stereo audio into immersive Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround sound with one click
* Next-generation HD--capture from HDV, AVCHD, Blu-ray Disc and JVC HD camcorders; edit HD video quickly and smoothly with enhanced Smart Proxy editing; render faster with support for Intel quad-core technology and improved MPEG encoding performance
* Easier & more powerful editing--scale the interface to fill your whole screen, create video/audio crossfades by simply dragging clips over each other, larger dialog boxes and controls for applying effects quickly, plus trim clips directly in the library

http://www.ziddu.com/download/2663892/CVX2v12.rar.html

Color7 Video Converter 8.0.3.18

2009-03-05T06:45:00.000-08:00

Color7 Video Converter will enable you to make faster and better encoding.Color7 Video Converter can burn, convert, split and merge: AVI, MPEG, MPEG 1, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, VCD, DVD, SVCD, RMVB, RM, WMV and any most used video formats.Color7 Video Converter is a home video software to realize requirements of watching at home theater or storing in PC. Color7 Video Converter is compatible with DVD/VCD/ SVCD burning.And it widely support video capturing from devices; digital cam, log cam, web cam, VHS, VCR and online video streams are all supported in the capturer.

Here are some key features of "Color7 Video Converter":

· Burn videos in DVD/VCD/SVCD
· Convert AVI, DVD, VCD, SVCD, MPEG, MPEG 1, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, RM, RMVB, WMV and other video format
· Convert your movies in batch mode
· Live preview during conversion
· Capture from DV, WEB Camera, VCR, TV Tuner, and Analog Camera
· Split AVI, VCD, DVD or other videos into several ones
· Merge AVI, VCD, DVD or other videos in one movie
· Customizable video screen size, audio/video bit rate, frame rate

http://uploadbox.com/files/569cb6725f

Or

http://www.easy-share.com/1903841654/Color7 Video Converter 8.0.3.18.rar

Or

http://uploading.com/files/KCVEI2X0/Color7%20Video%20Converter%208.0.3.18.rar.html

Or

http://rapidshare.com/files/203935137/Color7_Video_Converter_8.0.3.18.rar

USER AGREEMENT

2009-03-05T06:43:00.001-08:00

The creater of this page and ISP hosting it take no responsibility for the way you use information provided on the site. We just index ebooks and softwares links collected by legal search techniques. If you download any of ebooks and software from external links given you agree to use it for educational purpose only.

All the objects on this site are PRIVATE property and are meant for previewing only. If you enter this site without following these agreements you are not agreeing to these terms and you are violating code 431.322.12 of the Internet Privacy Act signed by Bill Clinton in 1995 and that means that you CANNOT threaten our ISP(s) or any person(s) or company storing these files, cannot prosecute any person(s) affiliated with this page which includes family, friends or individuals who run or enter this web site. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS THEN LEAVE THIS SITE

All files were collected by search techniques and we dont support illegal activities, If you realize a url belongs to you and if it is not open to public please inform the blogmaster at alotstuf@gmail.com The links will be removed (Proof of URL ownership is required)

AVS Video Editor V 4.1.1.111

2009-03-05T06:43:00.000-08:00

Edit Video Truly Easily
Create your videos in an easiest way. AVS Video Editor is first of all intended for those who are new to video editing.

Make Video Exciting
Choose between 300 video effects and transitions. Apply animated text and credits to video. Use picture-in-picture or chroma-key effects.

Edit Precisely
Easy and clear navigation for use of video effects. Use an advanced timeline or a story-board for accurate editing.

Edit HD-Videos
Edit videos from HD-cameras quickly and easily. All key formats are supported: HD Video (inc. AVCHD, MPEG-2 HD and WMV HD), TOD, MOD, M2TS.

Add Audio
Insert one or more audio tracks in your media file, mix or trim audio. Record your voice or live music. Combine audio tracks with video.

Trim Video
Split video into scenes and delete unnecessary ones.

Work Smart with Overlay
Use ready presets of dynamic overlay effect. Various trajectories available. Build custom trajectories for your needs.

Manage Various Video Formats
Edit videos of practically all formats. Save projects to DVD, AVI (DivX, Xvid), MP4, WMV, 3GP, QuickTime (MOV), VOB, VRO, MPEG, MPG, DAT, Real Video, H.264 (see a full list of Supported Formats here).

Burn Movie DVDs
Burn your video collections onto a CD-R/RW, DVD+/-R, DVD+/-RW, DVD-RAM, Double/Dual Layer. Burn DivX/Xvid discs.

Apply DVD menus
Use ready individual menu styles for every occasion and taste.

Output to Various Sources
Save video project for PC, DVD, DivX/Xvid discs, mobile device, Web.

Create Slide Shows
Organize still pictures in a digital slide show. Apply transitions, insert audio tracks, save as a video file on PC or burn a DVD disc.

Watch Videos on Mobiles
Upload your collections to PSP, iPod, Archos, Creative Zen Vision, mobile phones, portable DVD players.

http://rapidshare.com/files/205012044/AVSVideoEditor.exe

AV Video Morpher 3.0.10

2009-03-05T06:41:00.000-08:00

AV Video Morpher is perfect for dubbing home movies and commercial movies. With this one-stop video tool, you can play & morph audio - video streams in real-time, add effects to movies, convert video files to AVI & WMV, edit subtitles, capture images, record DVD audio, burn VCD, design DVD/CD covers, and most amazing, dub movies. AV Video Morpher supports almost all video formats(MOV, MPG, MPEG, AVI, M1V, QT, etc.)

Standing out from other movie player and movie editor software, AV Video Morpher makes dubbing movies easy, thanks to its one-click Voice Recording, Voice Remover, and Dubbing Settings. To dub movies, this kit lets you record voices from microphones then mix yours together with the originals, and merge to video files. The available voices, called "nickvoices", are a great help in this.

Another great feature is its ability to real-time morph audio - video stream with audio & video effects, making the movie's characters sound sexier, scarier, or more romantic. So now making video clips is now as easy as pie. Also, its Converter let you convert captured movies into AVI or WMV for private use. Recording functionality, both images and DVD audio capturing, allows you to save your favorite moments for all time.

In AV Video Morpher, you can import subtitle files to you movie via the subtitle editor, or you can
add text and edit your own subtitles. All text format, alignment, and timescale tools are provided. In addition to working as a video jukebox, which plays movies in DVD, SVCD, VCD, AVI, MPG, MPEG, QT, MOV, M1V, etc., it also supports several audio streams in AVI/MPEG video files.

This DVD software also includes a DVD/VCD burner that can copy video files to DVD/CD as well as erase a video DVD/CD. After having your self-made movie copied to DVD/CD, you can use DVD/CD cover editor to make labels, inlays, and covers for it.

Here are some key features of "AV Video Morpher":

· Movie Player with Multi-format Playback
Play movies in AVI, WMV, MPG, MPEG, ASF, M2V, MP2, M2P, MOV, RAM, RM, DAT

· Easy Audio Capturing
Capture audio output and save it under MP3, WMA, WAV, APE, AIF, NIST, or OGG formats

· MP3 Player with Multi-format Playback
Play audio in the following formats: MP3, WAV, M2A, AC3, MPA, WMA, ASX, RM

· DVD Converter
Convert a whole video, or selected video areas, to a new movie in AVI and WMV format

· Video Clip Maker
Bookmark or save your favorite scenes from movies or music moments with original quality

· Advanced Title and Subtitle Editor
Rewrite DVD titles and subtitles by adding text or importing AVT / SRT files to edit

· A Huge Library of Real-Time Video Audio Effects
Apply many available video and audio effects in real time while playing music or video clips

· Fast DVD/CD Burner
Make high quality DVD or VCD copies of your favorite movies

· Effects Mixer
Choose, mix, and apply many effects, and create your own, unique video/audio clips; easily switch between effects to compare results

· DVD/CD Eraser
Erase a re-writable DVD or CD using the CD Burner feature

· Real-time Video Morpher
Morph one section of a movie or an entire clip with added effects and save the results...in real time

· DVD/ CD Cover Editor
Load images from your PC to design DVD and CD covers and labels in minutes

· Image Catcher
Capture a movie scene or a series of video images and save under BMP, JPEG, PNG, or TIFF formats

· Voice Remover
Remove voices off any movie

· Movie Voice Dubber
Record your voice, change it to any style or sound and dub your altered voices to movies

Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/65346251/video-morpher-aff_byneo300.rar

Atomix Virtual DJ Pro 5.2 + Sound effects

2009-03-05T06:40:00.000-08:00

VirtualDJ is the hottest MP3 mixing software, targeting every DJ from bedroom DJs to professional superstars like Carl Cox.With its breakthrough BeatLock engine, your songs will always stay in the beat, and you can work your mixes incredibly faster than any other DJ could.The automatic seamless loop engine and the brand new synchronised sampler will let you perform astounding remixes live, with no preparation at all.

http://rapidshare.com/files/203604345/Atomix_Virtual_DJ_Pro_5.2___Sound_effects.rar

5-in-1 DFX Audio Enhancer v9.012

2009-03-05T06:38:00.000-08:00

5-in-1 DFX Audio Enhancer v9.012 | 11.7 MB
For Windows Media Player, MusicMatch JukeBox, , WinAmp, Realplayer, J.River Media Center

Give your digital music files more vibrancy with DFX® Audio Enhancer! DFX enhances your music listening experience by improving the sound quality of MP3, Windows Media, Internet radio and other music files. With DFX you can transform the sound of your PC into that of an expensive stereo system placed in a perfectly designed listening environment. Renew stereo depth, boost your audio levels and produce a deep, rich bass sound.

DFX Audio Enhancement Features:

• Advanced DSP Sound Enhancement Effects
• Speakers and Headphones Optimization
• Finely-tuned, Customizable Music Presets
• Dynamic Sound Spectrum Analyzer
• Powerful Audio Processing Modes
• Stylish, Shapely Skins
• Space Saving Mini-mode Interface
• Presets Backup and Restore
• Preset Song Associations
• 5.1/7.1 Surround Sound Support
• 64-Bit Windows Support

DFX dramatically improves your digital audio experience with:

• 3D Surround Sound - Immerse yourself inside the music
• Stereo Ambience - renew lost stereo depth High Fidelity Restoration
• Dynamic Gain Boosting - pump up the volume
• Headphones Optimization - Hear more pleasant, natural sounds with headphones
• Customizable Music Presets - Select finely-tuned settings for many styles of music
• Booming HyperBass - produce deep, rich bass sounds
• High Fidelity Restoration - eliminate that "muffled" sound
• Spectrum Analyzer - "See" DFX enhance your sound
• Music and Speech Modes - Get optimized sound for any type of audio
• Customizable Skins - Choose from hundreds of skins

Advanced DSP Sound Effects:

* Harmonic Fidelity Restoration.
Adding Fidelity to your audio eliminates the "muffled" sound that is an artifact of the data compression algorithms used in Internet audio formats. DFX compensates for this loss of high frequency fidelity by carefully regenerating the missing high frequency harmonics in the audio. This harmonic restoration is performed using patent-pending technology that carefully synthesizes high frequency harmonics to replace the harmonics lost during the encoding process.

* Ambience, Stereo Imaging.
Adding Ambience to your audio compensates for the lost or diminished stereo depth that is the result of closely located speakers, poor listening environments, and sonic losses due to data compression of Internet audio formats. DFX compensates for the reduced stereo imaging and depth of PC audio by carefully regenerating the ambience and stereo depth. This same ambience processing has been used by Grammy winning engineers of artists such as Alanis Morissette and Ella Fitzgerald.

* 3D Surround Sound.
Using the 3D Surround Sound component adds amazing depth and body to your audio, compensating for monitoring limitations and sonic losses due to data compression. With 3D Surround processing the sounds will surround you, virtually putting you inside the music! 3D Surround enhances the sound played on conventional 2-speaker systems and makes even small PC speaker systems sound larger and richer. It is also fully compatible with Surround Sound playback systems.

* HyperBass.
Using the HyperBass component adds deep, rich bass sound to your audio by compensating for the bass limitations of almost all PC-based audio systems and data-compressed audio formats. DFX does this by carefully regenerating the low frequency harmonics, thus increasing the perceived bass, but without exceeding the speakers physical limits, adding or changing speakers or amplifiers, and without increased power consumption. HyperBass greatly improves the bass performance of any sound system.

* Dynamic Gain Boosting.
Adding Dynamic Boost increases the perceived loudness of your audio while minimizing distortion levels, particularly when using Internet audio systems. By adding Dynamic Gain Boosting, your playback system will sound twice as loud without losing any punch on loud passages.
Typical PC-based multimedia playback systems and even home stereo playback systems suffer from limited dynamic range and headroom. Dynamic Boost compensates for this limited headroom by carefully processing the audio to increase the perceived loudness of the audio without altering the perceived dynamic range.

New and improved features in DFX 9:
* Automatic preset selection with associated songs
* Backup and restore personal presets
* 10 band audio spectrum analyzer
* Improved responsiveness and user control
* Gadget style user interface option
* 64-bit Windows support

Code:

home:_http://www.fxsound.com/dfx/

download link :
Code:

http://uploading.com/files/YO8XDIFT/keosoft90.5i1.DFXAE9012_www.softarchive.net.rar.html
or
http://uploading.com/files/H5W11C5E/keosoft90.5i1.DFXAE9012_downarchive.rar.html
or
http://letitbit.net/download/f2d39b667425/keosoft90.5i1.DFXAE9012-downarchive.rar.html

Visual Math & How Math Explains The World

2009-03-05T06:36:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/177488932/Visual_Math___How_Math_Explains_The_World_ByMechodownload.rar.html

Visual Basic 2005: A Developer's Notebook Matthew MacDonald

2009-03-05T06:35:00.000-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/1840122/49b679a7/visual_basic_2005_a_developers_notebook.html

Thinking in Java Bruce Ekel

2009-03-05T06:34:00.002-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/1342554/2853dac1/thinking_in_java_2nd_edition.html?s=1

The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics Stan Giblisco

2009-03-05T06:34:00.001-08:00

http://rapidshare.de/files/10995676/The_Illustrated_Dictionary_of_Electronics.rar

The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture linda Null

2009-03-05T06:33:00.001-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/29752469/76925978-6FC2-40A8-A78B-015D03F05EAC.rar

Scientific American

2009-03-05T06:31:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/200148984/Scientific_American_ByMechoDownload.rar

pass: mechodownload

Sams Teach Yourself C++ for Linux in 21 Days

2009-03-05T06:29:00.002-08:00

By:
Jesse Liberty, David B. Horvath , Jonathan Parry-McCulloch, Hal Moroff, Paul Cevoli
Sams | 2000-05-01 | ISBN: 0672318954 | 1152 pages | PDF | 4,3 MB

Sams Teach Yourself C++ Programming for Linux in 21 Days teaches you the C++ programming language using the Linux operating system. You will gain a thorough understanding of the basics of C++ programming from a Linux perspective. The Bonus Week includes topics such as XWindows, KDE with QT toolkit, APE Class Library, and Real -time Middleware.

http://rapidshare.com/files/205491096/SaCLin.zip
OR
http://www.filefactory.com/file/af34fgc/n/SaCLin_zip

RHCE Red Hat Certified Engineer Study Guide Exam RH302

2009-03-05T06:29:00.001-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/20875095/dbda6481/rhce_redhat_certified_engineer_linux_study_guide_exam_rh302_4ed_2_.html

Programming Visual Basic .NET by Jesse Liberty

2009-03-05T06:16:00.000-08:00

http://www.rapidshare.com/files/33133105/progvbnet2nd.rar

Pluggable Authentication Modules: The Definitive Guide to PAM for Linux SysAdmins and C Developers

2009-03-05T06:15:00.001-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/18316558/b-457b01.zip

Oreilly - Java Network Programming

2009-03-05T06:14:00.001-08:00

http://snipurl.com/javanet

Microsoft VBA Professional Projects - Tarun Gaoel

2009-03-05T06:13:00.000-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/13392952/119deec4/Vba_Professional_Projects.html

Integrated electroncis Millman And HAlkis

2009-03-05T06:12:00.000-08:00

http://people.na.infn.it/~barbarin/MaterialeDidattico/libri/libri_base/Millman%20Halkias%20-%20Integrated%20Electronic,%20Analog%20And%20Digital%20Circuits%20And%20Systems%20-%20Mcgraw%20Hill.pdf

HTML Essential Training

2009-03-05T06:10:00.000-08:00

Whether you use a web authoring system or write HTML by hand, you need to know how HTML works. HTML Essential Training is designed to help you understand HTML, its strengths and weaknesses, and how to identify and fix problems in a web page. More than just an HTML tutorial, HTML Essential Training covers the how and the why of HTML documents, including document structure, block and inline level tags, floating images, controlling white space, phrase and font markup, and much more! From setting up a simple web page to adding CSS style sheets and JavaScript rollovers, HTML Essential Training gives you the skills you need to take control of your HTML.

Table of contents

intro 0:32 4 MB

introduction

introduction 2:16 1.5 MB
a brief overview 7:53 5 MB

HTML tags

HTML document type overview 6:06 4.3 MB
the outer structure of an HTML document 4:57 3.3 MB
the outer structure of an HTML document part 2 3:09 2 MB
creating and using templates 4:24 2.9 MB
HTML and text 3:43 2.6 MB
paragraphs 3:43 2.7 MB
block and inline tags 3:12 2.1 MB
controlling line breaks and spaces 5:48 4.5 MB
phrase elements 3:18 2.3 MB
font-markup elements 1:48 1.2 MB
quotations and quote marks 4:10 2.9 MB
pre-formatted text using the PRE tag 1:54 1.3 MB
aligning paragraphs 3:11 2.3 MB
HTML lists 8:14 6 MB
selecting a typeface using the FONT tag 5:05 3.9 MB
selecting a type size using the FONT tag 2:20 1.8 MB
introduction to hyperlinks 4:54 3.7 MB
absolute and relative URLs 5:47 4.1 MB
specifying a different base for relative URLs 2:17 1.5 MB
adding titles to your links 1:15 1 MB
fragments: linking to a segment of a page 4:59 3.9 MB
inline images and the IMG tag 6:18 4 MB
flowing text around an image 5:57 4.9 MB
breaking lines around an image 2:27 2 MB
image borders 3:57 3 MB
naming images for scripting 2:45 5.1 MB

cascading style sheets

introduction to CSS 3:20 2.7 MB
levels of inheritance 2:21 1.8 MB
syntax overview 2:22 1.5 MB
syntax overview continued 2:22 2.5 MB
using SPAN and DIV to apply style 2:06 1.6 MB
using selectors to create classes of styles 5:23 4 MB
some CSS units of measure 5:21 4.2 MB

tables

introduction to HTML tables 2:10 1.4 MB
formatting tables with CSS 4:03 2.8 MB
aligning images with tables 3:20 3.8 MB

frames

frames overview 3:17 2.3 MB
targeting links to the correct frame 2:52 2.2 MB
hiding frame borders 2:38 2 MB

forms

HTML forms 9:10 7.5 MB
javascript rollovers
javascript rollovers 10:28 9.4 MB

Download size: 114MB
Code:

http://rapidshare.com/files/33951327/Lynda.com-HTML.Essential.Training_ByMechoDownload.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/33951925/Lynda.com-HTML.Essential.Training_ByMechoDownload.part2.rar

Password: mechodownload

Whether you use a web authoring system or write HTML by hand, you need to know how HTML works. HTML Essential Training is designed to help you understand HTML, its strengths and weaknesses, and how to identify and fix problems in a web page. More than just an HTML tutorial, HTML Essential Training covers the how and the why of HTML documents, including document structure, block and inline level tags, floating images, controlling white space, phrase and font markup, and much more! From setting up a simple web page to adding CSS style sheets and JavaScript rollovers, HTML Essential Training gives you the skills you need to take control of your HTML.

Table of contents

intro 0:32 4 MB

introduction

introduction 2:16 1.5 MB
a brief overview 7:53 5 MB

HTML tags

HTML document type overview 6:06 4.3 MB
the outer structure of an HTML document 4:57 3.3 MB
the outer structure of an HTML document part 2 3:09 2 MB
creating and using templates 4:24 2.9 MB
HTML and text 3:43 2.6 MB
paragraphs 3:43 2.7 MB
block and inline tags 3:12 2.1 MB
controlling line breaks and spaces 5:48 4.5 MB
phrase elements 3:18 2.3 MB
font-markup elements 1:48 1.2 MB
quotations and quote marks 4:10 2.9 MB
pre-formatted text using the PRE tag 1:54 1.3 MB
aligning paragraphs 3:11 2.3 MB
HTML lists 8:14 6 MB
selecting a typeface using the FONT tag 5:05 3.9 MB
selecting a type size using the FONT tag 2:20 1.8 MB
introduction to hyperlinks 4:54 3.7 MB
absolute and relative URLs 5:47 4.1 MB
specifying a different base for relative URLs 2:17 1.5 MB
adding titles to your links 1:15 1 MB
fragments: linking to a segment of a page 4:59 3.9 MB
inline images and the IMG tag 6:18 4 MB
flowing text around an image 5:57 4.9 MB
breaking lines around an image 2:27 2 MB
image borders 3:57 3 MB
naming images for scripting 2:45 5.1 MB

cascading style sheets

introduction to CSS 3:20 2.7 MB
levels of inheritance 2:21 1.8 MB
syntax overview 2:22 1.5 MB
syntax overview continued 2:22 2.5 MB
using SPAN and DIV to apply style 2:06 1.6 MB
using selectors to create classes of styles 5:23 4 MB
some CSS units of measure 5:21 4.2 MB

tables

introduction to HTML tables 2:10 1.4 MB
formatting tables with CSS 4:03 2.8 MB
aligning images with tables 3:20 3.8 MB

frames

frames overview 3:17 2.3 MB
targeting links to the correct frame 2:52 2.2 MB
hiding frame borders 2:38 2 MB

forms

HTML forms 9:10 7.5 MB
javascript rollovers
javascript rollovers 10:28 9.4 MB

Download size: 114MB

http://rapidshare.com/files/33951327/Lynda.com-HTML.Essential.Training_ByMechoDownload.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/33951925/Lynda.com-HTML.Essential.Training_ByMechoDownload.part2.rar

Password: mechodownload

Electronics & Communications Book Set

2009-03-05T06:09:00.000-08:00

http://www.esnips.com/web/New12192007

3ds max 4 Bible

2009-03-05T06:06:00.000-08:00

http://snipurl.com/3dsmax

Thinking in Java Bruce Ekel

2009-02-25T21:20:00.000-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/1342554/2853dac1/thinking_in_java_2nd_edition.html?s=1

Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Weekend Crash Course by Alex Kriegel

2009-02-25T21:18:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/48826583/MS.SQL.Server.2000.rar

Application Specific Integrated Circuits

2009-02-25T21:17:00.001-08:00

http://www.divshare.com/download/1503636-50e

Sybex 70-270 Microsoft Windows XP -Study Guide

2009-02-25T21:10:00.000-08:00

http://www.4shared.com/file/14938956/57c1cff0/sybex_-_mcsa-mcse_windows_xp_professional_study_guide_3rd_ed_exam_70-270_-_2005_-__by_laxxuss_.html?s=1

Advanced Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0

2009-02-25T21:01:00.000-08:00

http://rapidshare.com/files/12971155/1572318937.rar

Celeron ,(P6),CovingtonMendocino266, 300, 333, 366, 400, 433, 466, 500, 533, and 600 MHZ,Coppermine-128,Tualatin-256,Celeron, (NetBurst),Willamette

2009-02-09T10:17:00.000-08:00

Celeron

The Celeron brand is a range of x86 CPUs from Intel targeted at budget/value personal computers—with the motto, "delivering great quality at an exceptional value".

Celeron processors can run all IA-32 computer programs, but their performance is somewhat lower when compared to similar, but higher priced, Intel CPU brands. For example, the Celeron brand will often have less cache memory, or have advanced features purposely disabled. These missing features have had a variable impact on performance. In some cases, the effect was significant and in other cases the differences were relatively minor. Many of the Celeron designs have achieved a very high "bang to the buck", while at other times, the performance difference has been noticeable. For example, some intense application software, such as cutting edge PC games, programs for video compression, video editing, or solid modeling (CAD, engineering analysis, computer graphics and animation, rapid prototyping, medical testing, product visualization, and visualization of scientific research), etc. may not perform as well on the Celeron family. This has been the primary justification for the higher cost of other Intel CPU brands versus the Celeron.

Introduced in April 1998, the first Celeron branded CPU was based on the Pentium II branded core. Subsequent Celeron branded CPUs were based on the Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M, and Core 2 Duo branded processors. The latest Celeron design (as of January 2008) is based on the Core 2 Duo (Allendale). This design features independent processing cores (CPUs), but with only 25% as much cache memory as the comparable Core 2 Duo offering.

Celeron (P6)

Covington

The first Covington Celeron was essentially a 266 MHz Deschutes Pentium II manufactured without any secondary cache at all. Covington also shared the 80523 product code of Deschutes. Although clocked at 266 or 300 MHz (frequencies 33 or 66 MHz higher than the desktop version of the Pentium w/MMX), the cacheless Celerons were a good deal slower than the parts they were designed to replace. Substantial numbers were sold on first release, largely on the strength of the Intel name, but the Celeron quickly achieved a poor reputation both in the trade press and among computer professionals. The initial market interest faded rapidly in the face of its poor performance and with sales at a very low level, Intel felt obliged to develop a substantially faster replacement as soon as possible. Nevertheless the first Celerons were quite popular among some overclockers, for their flexible overclockability and reasonable price. Covington was only manufactured in slot 1 SEPP format.

Mendocino

The Mendocino Celeron, launched 24 August 1998, was the first mass-market CPU to use on-die L2 cache. Whereas Covington had no secondary cache at all, Mendocino included 128 KiB of L2 cache running at full clock rate. The first Mendocino-core Celeron was clocked at a then-modest 300 MHz but offered almost twice the performance of the old cacheless Covington Celeron at the same clock rate. To distinguish it from the older Covington 300 MHz, Intel called the Mendocino core Celeron 300A. Although the other Mendocino Celerons (the 333 MHz part, for example) did not have an "A" appended, some people call all Mendocino processors "Celeron-A" regardless of clock rate.

The new Mendocino core Celeron was a good performer from the outset. Indeed, most industry analysts regarded the first Mendocino-based Celerons as too successful—performance was sufficiently high to not only compete strongly with rival parts, but also to attract buyers away from Intel's high-profit flagship, the Pentium II. Overclockers soon discovered that, given a high-end motherboard, the Celeron 300A could run reliably at 450 MHz. This was achieved by simply increasing the Front Side Bus (FSB) clock rate from the stock 66 MHz to the 100 MHz clock of the Pentium II. At this frequency, the Mendocino Celeron rivaled the fastest x86 processors available.

At the time on-die cache was difficult to manufacture; especially L2 as more of it is needed to attain an adequate level of performance. A benefit of on-die cache is that it operates at the same clock rate as the CPU. All other Intel CPUs at that time used motherboard mounted or slot mounted secondary L2 cache, which was very easy to manufacture, cheap, and simple to enlarge to any desired size (typical cache sizes were 512 KiB or 1 MiB), but they carried the performance penalty of slower cache performance, typically running the FSB at a frequency of 60 to 100 MHz for motherboard mounted L2 cache. The implementation of the Pentium II's 512 KiB of L2 cache was unique at the time, comprising moderately high-performance L2 cache chips mounted on a special-purpose board alongside the processor itself, running at half the processor's performance and communicating with the CPU through a special backside bus. This method of cache placement was expensive and imposed practical cache-size limits, but allowed the Pentium II to be clocked higher and avoided front side bus RAM/L2 cache contention typical with motherboard-placed L2 cache configurations.

Over time, newer Mendocino processors were released at 333, 366, 400, 433, 466, 500, and 533 MHz. The "Mendocino" Celeron CPU came only designed for a 66 MHz frontside bus, but this would not be a serious performance bottleneck until clock rates reached higher levels.

The Mendocino Celerons also introduced new packaging. When the Mendocinos debuted they came in both a Slot 1 SEPP and Socket 370 PPGA package. The Slot 1 form had been designed to accommodate the off-chip cache of the Pentium II and had mounting problems with motherboards. Because all Celerons are a single-chip design, however, there was no reason to retain the slot packaging for L2 cache storage, and Intel discontinued the Slot 1 variant: beginning with the 466 MHz part, only the PPGA Socket 370 form was offered. (Third-party manufacturers made motherboard slot-to-socket adapters (nicknamed Slotkets) available for a few dollars, which allowed, for example, a Celeron 500 to be fitted to a Slot 1 motherboard.) One interesting note about the PPGA Socket 370 Mendocinos is that SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) mode was available, and there was at least one motherboard released (the ABIT BP6) which took advantage of this fact.

The Mendocino also came in a mobile variant, with clock rates from 266, 300, 333, 366, 400, 433, 466, 500, 533, and 600 MHZ.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Mendocino CPUs are family 6, model 6 and their Intel product code is 80524. These identifiers are shared with the related Dixon Mobile Pentium II variant.

Coppermine-128

Underside of a Celeron Coppermine 128, 600 MHz

The next generation Celeron was the Coppermine-128 (sometimes known as the "Celeron II"). These were a derivative of Intel's Coppermine Pentium III and were released on March 29, 2000.[8] Like the Mendocino, the Celeron-128 used 128 KiB of on-chip L2 cache and was (initially) restricted to a 66 MHz Front Side Bus Speed, But the big news was the addition of SSE instructions, due to the new Coppermine core. Other than half the L2 cache (128 KiB instead of 256 KiB) and a lower FSB (66 to 100 MHz instead of 100 to 133 MHz), the Coppermine Celeron was identical to the Coppermine Pentium III.

All Coppermine-128s were produced in the same FCPGA Socket 370 format that most Coppermine Pentium III CPUs used. These Celeron processors began at 533 MHz and continued through 566, 600, 633, 666, 700, 733, and 766 MHz. Because of the limitations of the 66 MHz bus, there were diminishing returns on performance as clock rates increased. On January 3, 2001, Intel switched to a 100 MHz bus with the launch of the 800 MHz Celeron, resulting in a significant performance-per-clock improvement.[9] All Celeron-128 CPUs from 800 MHz and higher use the 100 MHz front side bus. Various models were made at 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, and 1100 MHz.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Coppermine Celerons and Pentium IIIs are family 6, model 8 and their Intel product code is 80526.

Tualatin-256

These Celeron processors, released initially at 1200 MHz (1.2 GHz) on October 2, 2001, were based on Pentium III Tualatin core and made with a 0.13 micrometer process for the FCPGA2 socket 370 . They were nicknamed "Tualeron" — a portmanteau of the words Tualatin and Celeron. Some software and users refer to the chips as "Celeron-S", referring to the chip's lineage with the Pentium III-S, but this is not an official designation. Intel later released 1000 MHz and 1100 MHz parts (which were given the extension "A" to their name to differentiate them from the Coppermine-128 of the same clock rate they replaced). A 1,300 MHz chip, launched January 4, 2002, and finally a 1,400 MHz chip, launched May 15, 2002 (the same day as the Netburst Willamette 1.7 GHz Celeron launch), marked the end of the Tualatin-256 line.

With regards to core functionality, Tualatin-256 was again quite similar to its Pentium III sibling. The most significant differences were a lower 100 MHz bus and only 256 KiB of L2 cache (whereas the Pentium III had either 256 KiB or 512 KiB of L2 cache). Furthermore, the Tualeron's L2 cache had a higher latency which boosted manufacturing yields for this budget CPU.

Despite offering much improved performance over the Coppermine Celeron it superseded, the Tualatin Celeron still suffered stiff competition from AMD's Duron budget processor. Intel later responded by releasing the Netburst Willamette Celeron, and for some time Tualatin Celerons were manufactured and sold in parallel with their replacement Pentium 4-based Celerons.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Tualatin Celerons and Pentium IIIs are family 6, model 11 and their Intel product code is 80530.

Celeron (NetBurst)

Willamette-128

These Celerons were for socket 478 and were based on the Willamette Pentium 4 core, being a completely different design compared to the previous Tualatin Celeron. These are often known as the "Celeron 4". Their L2 cache (128 KiB) is half that of the Pentium 4 Willamette's 256 KiB of L2 cache, but otherwise the two are very similar. With the transition to the Pentium 4 core the Celeron now featured SSE2 instructions. The ability to share the same socket as the Pentium 4 meant that the Celeron now had the option to use RDRAM, DDR SDRAM, or traditional SDRAM. Willamette Celerons were launched May 15, 2002, initially at 1.7 GHz, and offered a noticeable performance improvement over the older Tualatin Celeron 1.3 GHz part, being able to finally beat the Duron 1.3 GHz, which at the time was AMD's top competing budget processor. On June 12, 2002, Intel launched the last Willamette Celeron, a 1.8 GHz model.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Willamette Celerons and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 1, and their Intel product code is 80531.

Northwood-128

These socket 478 Celerons are based on the Northwood Pentium 4 core, and also have 128 KiB of L2 cache. The only difference between the Northwood-128 and the Willamette-128 Celeron is the fact that it was built on the new 0.13 micrometre process which shrunk the die size, increased the transistor count, and lowered the core voltage from 1.7 V on the Willamette-128 to 1.52 V for the Northwood-128. Despite these differences, they are functionally the same as the Willamette-128 Celeron, and perform largely the same clock-for-clock. The Northwood-128 family of processors were initially released as a 2.0 GHz Model (a 1.9 GHz model was announced earlier, but never launched) on September 18, 2002. Since that time Intel has released at total of 10 different clock rates ranging from 1.8 GHz to 2.8 GHz, before being surpassed by the Celeron D. Although the Northwood Celerons suffer considerably from their small L2 cache, some clock rates have been favored in the enthusiast market, because like the old 300A, they can run well above their specified clock rate.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Northwood Celerons and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 2, and their Intel product code is 80532.

Celeron D

Prescott-256

Prescott-256 Celeron D processors, initially launched June 25, 2004, feature double the L1 cache (16 KiB) and L2 cache (256 KiB) as compared to the previous Willamette and Northwood desktop Celerons, by virtue of being based on the Prescott Pentium 4 core. It also features a 533 MT/s bus and SSE3, and a 3xx model number (compared to 5xx for Pentium 4s and 7xx for Pentium Ms). The Prescott-256 Celeron D was manufactured for socket 478 as well LGA775, and they were released carrying model numbers of 355 (3.33 GHz), 350 (3.2 GHz), 345 (3.06 GHz) 340 (2.93 GHz), 335 (2.80 GHz), 330 (2.66 GHz), 325 (2.53 GHz), 320 (2.40 GHz), 315 (2.26 GHz), and 310 (2.13 GHz). They also have hardware-level support of Intel's Intel 64 technology by virtue of it also being built into the Prescott core, although the feature is disabled in all 3x0/3x5 models (with the exception of the Celeron D model 355). It has been activated in all 3x1 and 3x6 models. The Intel Celeron D processor works with the Intel 845 and 865 chipset families. It should be noted that the "D" suffix actually has no official designation. It is used simply to distinguish this line of Celeron from the previous, lower performing Northwood and Willamette series, and also from the mobile series, the Celeron M (which also uses 3xx model numbers). It should also be stated that unlike the Pentium D, the Celeron D is not a dual core processor.

The Celeron D was a major performance improvement over previous Netburst Celerons. A test using a variety of applications, run by Derek Wilson at Anandtech.com, showed that the new Celeron D architecture alone offered up performance improvements on average of >10% over a Northwood Celeron when both CPUs were run at the same bus and clock rate. The addition of SSE 3 instructions and the higher FSB only added to this already impressive gain.

Despite its many improvements, the Prescott core of the Celeron D had at least one major drawback: heat. Unlike the fairly cool running Northwood Celeron, the Prescott-256 had a class-rated TDP of 73 watts, which prompted Intel to include a more intricate copper core/aluminum finned cooler to help handle the additional heat.

In mid-2005, Intel refreshed the Celeron D with Intel 64 and XD Bit (eXecute Disable) enabled. Model numbers increase by 1 over the previous generation (e.g. 330 became 331). This only applied to LGA775 Celeron Ds. There are no Socket 478 CPUs with 64-bit or XD Bit capabilities.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Prescott Celeron Ds and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 3 (up to stepping E0) or 4 (stepping E0 onwards), and their Intel product code is 80546 or 80547, depending on socket type.

Cedar Mill-512

Based on the Cedar Mill Pentium 4 core, this version of the Celeron D was launched May 28, 2006,and continued the 3xx naming scheme with the Celeron D 347 (3.06 GHz), 352 (3.2 GHz), 356 (3.33 GHz), 360 (3.46 GHz), and 365 (3.6GHz). The Cedar Mill Celeron D is largely the same as the Prescott-256, except with double the L2 cache (512KB) and based on a 65nm manufacturing process. The Cedar Mill-512 Celeron D is LGA775 exclusive. The main benefits of the Cedar Mill Celerons over the Prescott Celerons are the slightly increased performance due to the larger L2 cache, higher clock rates, and less heat dissipation, with several models having a TDP lowered to 65 watts from Prescott's lowest offering of 73W.[25]

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, Cedar Mill Celeron Ds and Pentium 4s are family 15, model 6, and their Intel product code is 80552.

Intel 80188,Intel 80186 microprocessor,8086, 80188

2009-02-09T10:16:00.000-08:00

The Intel 80188 is a version of the Intel 80186 microprocessor with an 8 bit external data bus, instead of 16 bit. This makes it less expensive to connect to peripherals. Since the 80188 is very similar to the 80186, it had a throughput of 1 million instructions per second.

As the 8086, the 80188 featured four 16-bit general registers, which could also be accessed as eight 8-bit registers. It also included six more 16-bit registers, which included, for example, the stack pointer, the instruction pointer, index registers, or a status word register that acted like a flag, for example, in comparison operations.

Just like the 8086, the processor also included four 16-bit segment registers that enabled the addressing of more than 64 KB of memory, which is the limit of a 16-bit architecture, by introducing an offset value that was added, after being shifted left 4 bits, to the value of another register. This addressing system provided a total of 1 MB of addressable memory, a value that, at the time, was considered to be very far away from the total memory a computer would ever need.

Intel 80386 ,16-bit 8086 of 1978.

2009-02-09T10:12:00.000-08:00

The Intel 80386, otherwise known as the i386 or just 386, is a microprocessor which has been used as the central processing unit (CPU) of many personal computers and workstations since 1986.

As the original implementation of the 32-bit form of the 8086-architecture, the i386 instruction set, programming model, and binary encodings is still the common denominator for all 32-bit x86 processors. As such, it has remained virtually unchanged for over 20 years, enabling modern processors to run most programs written for earlier chips, all the way back to the original 16-bit 8086 of 1978.

Successively newer implementations of this same architecture have become several hundred times faster than the original i386 chip during these years (or thousands of times faster than the 8086). A 33 MHz i386 was reportedly measured to operate at about 11.4 MIPS.

The i386 was launched in October 1985, but full-function chips were first delivered in 1986[vague]. Mainboards for 386-based computer systems were at first expensive to produce but were rationalized upon the 386's mainstream adoption. The first personal computer to make use of the 386 was designed and manufactured by Compaq.

In May 2006 Intel announced that production of the 386 would cease at the end of September 2007. Although it had long been obsolete as a personal computer CPU, Intel, and others, had continued to manufacture the chip for embedded systems, including aerospace technology.

INT 15h, AH=87h,iAPX 286,INT 15h, AH=87h

2009-02-09T10:10:00.000-08:00

The Intel 286, introduced on February 1, 1982, (originally named 80286, and also called iAPX 286 in the programmer's manual) was an x86 16-bit microprocessor with 134,000 transistors.

It was widely used in IBM PC compatible computers during the mid 1980s to early 1990s.

After the 6 and 8 MHz initial releases, it was subsequently scaled up to 12.5 MHz. (AMD and Harris later pushed the architecture to speeds as high as 20 MHz and 25 MHz, respectively.) On average, the 80286 had a speed of about 0.21 instructions per clock. The 6 MHz model operated at 0.9 MIPS, the 10 MHz model at 1.5 MIPS, and the 12 MHz model at 1.8 MIPs.

The 80286's performance was more than twice that of its predecessors (the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088) per clock cycle. In fact, the performance increase per clock cycle of the 80286 over its immediate predecessor may be the largest among the generations of x86 processors. Calculation of the more complex addressing modes (such as base+index) had less clock penalty because it was performed by a special circuit in the 286; the 8086, its predecessor, had to perform effective address calculation in the general ALU, taking many cycles. Also, complex mathematical operations (such as MUL/DIV) took fewer clock cycles compared to the 8086.

Having a 24-bit address bus, the 286 was able to address up to 16 MB of RAM, in contrast to 1 MB that the 8086 could directly access. While DOS could utilize this additional RAM (extended memory) via BIOS call (INT 15h, AH=87h), or as RAM disk, or emulation of expanded memory, cost and initial rarity of software utilizing extended memory meant that 286 computers were rarely equipped with more than a megabyte of RAM. As well, there was a performance penalty involved in accessing extended memory from real mode, as noted below.

The 286 was designed to run multitasking applications, including communications (such as automated PBXs), real-time process control, and multi-user systems.

The later E-stepping level of the 80286 was a very clean CPU, free of the several significant errata that caused problems for programmers and operating system writers in the earlier B-step and C-step CPUs (common in the AT and AT clones).

An interesting feature of this processor is that it was the first x86 processor with protected mode. Protected mode enabled up to 16 MB of memory to be addressed by the on-chip linear memory management unit (MMU) with 1 GB logical address space. The MMU also provided some degree of protection from (crashed or ill-behaved) applications writing outside their allocated memory zones. However, the 286 could not revert to the basic 8086-compatible "real mode" without resetting the processor, which imposed a performance penalty (though some very clever programmers did figure out a way to re-enter real mode via a series of software instructions which would execute the reset while retaining active memory and control). The Intel 8042 keyboard controller at IBM PC/AT had a function to initiate a "soft boot" which resets a host CPU only.

This limitation led to Bill Gates famously referring to the 80286 as a 'brain dead chip', since it was clear that the new Microsoft Windows environment would not be able to run multiple MS-DOS applications with the 286. It was arguably responsible for the split between Microsoft and IBM, since IBM insisted that OS/2, originally a joint venture between IBM and Microsoft, would run on a 286 (and in text mode). To be fair, when Intel designed the 286, it was not designed to be able to multitask real-mode applications; real mode was intended to be a simple way for a bootstrap loader to prepare the system and then switch to protected mode.

In theory, real mode applications could be directly executed in 16-bit protected mode if certain rules were followed; however, as many DOS programs broke those rules, protected mode was not widely used until the appearance of its successor, the 32-bit Intel 80386, which was designed to go back and forth between modes easily. See Protected Mode for more info.

The 80286 provided the first glimpse into the world of the protection mechanisms then exclusive to the world of mainframes and minicomputers which would pave the way for the x86 and the IBM PC architecture to extend from the personal computer all the way to high-end servers, drive the market for other architectures all the way down to only the highest-end servers and mainframes, a fact which presumably gave the IBM PC/AT its name.

Intel 80387SX ,(387SX or i387SX),Intel 80386SX microprocessor,0386SX's 16 bit data bus

2009-02-09T10:08:00.000-08:00

The Intel 80387SX (387SX or i387SX) is the math coprocessor for the Intel 80386SX microprocessor. It was used to perform floating point arithmetic operations directly in hardware. The coprocessor was designed only to work with the SX variant of the i386, rather than the standard 80386. This was because of the 80386SX's 16 bit data bus, which was modified from the original i386's 32 bit data bus.

Intel 80486DX2 ,Intel's i486DX2,i486DX2-66 ,8 - 16 1MB RAM and a VLB video card,P24 and P24D,AMD and Cyrix

2009-02-09T10:02:00.000-08:00

The Intel's i486DX2 is a CPU produced by Intel that was introduced in 1989 . The i486DX2 was nearly identical to the i486DX but for the addition of clock multiplier circuitry. It was the first chip to use clock doubling, whereby the processor runs two internal logic clock cycles per external bus cycle. A i486 DX2 was thus significantly faster than an i486 DX at the same bus speed thanks to the 8K on-chip cache shadowing the slower clocked external bus.

For many players of video games during the early and mid 1990s, towards the end of the MS-DOS gaming era, the i486DX2-66 was a very popular processor. Often coupled with 8 - 16 MB RAM and a VLB video card, the CPU was capable of playing every title available for several years after its release, making it a "sweet spot" in CPU performance and longevity. The introduction of 3D graphics spelled the end of the 486's reign, because of its heavy use of floating point calculations and the need for faster cache and more memory bandwidth. Developers also began to target the Pentium almost exclusively with assembly optimizations (e.g. Quake). An i486DX2-50 version was also available, but as the bus speed was 25 MHz rather than 33 MHz this was a significantly less popular processor.

There are two major versions of the DX2. Identified by P24 and P24D, the latter has a faster L1 cache mode called "write-back" that improves performance. The original P24 version only offers the slower "write-through" cache mode. AMD and Cyrix both produced a 486-level competition for the Intel i486DX2.

Intel 80386EX

2009-02-05T10:18:00.001-08:00

The Intel 80386EX (386EX) is a variant of the Intel 386 microprocessor designed for embedded systems. Introduced in August 1994 and was successful in the market being used aboard several orbiting satellites and microsatellites.

Characteristics

* Introduced August 1994
* Variant of 80386SX intended for embedded systems
* 26-bit memory addressing for up to 64mb of DRAM
* Static core, i.e. may run as slowly (and thus, power efficiently) as desired, down to full halt
* On-chip peripherals:
o clock and power mgmt
o timers/counters
o watchdog timer
o serial I/O units (sync and async) and parallel I/O
o DMA
o RAM refresh
o JTAG test logic
* Significantly more successful than the 80376
* Used aboard several orbiting satellites and microsatellites
* Used in NASA's FlightLinux project

Intel 80486SL

2009-02-05T10:17:00.001-08:00

The Intel's i486SL is the power-saving variant of the i486DX microprocessor. The SL was designed for use in mobile computers. It was produced between November 1992 and June 1993. Clock speeds available were 20, 25 and 33 MHz. The i486SL contained all features of the i486DX.

In addition, the System Management Mode (SMM) (the same mode introduced with i386SL) was included with this processor. The system management mode makes it possible to shut down the processor without losing data. To achieve this, the processor state is saved in an area of static RAM (SMRAM).

In mid-1993, Intel incorporated the SMM feature in all its new 80486 processors and discontinued the SL series.

Refer to the respective section of the list of Intel microprocessors for technical details.

Intel 80387,80386 series,(387 or i387)

2009-02-05T10:15:00.000-08:00

The Intel 80387 (387 or i387) was the math coprocessor for the 80386 series of microprocessors, and the first Intel coprocessor to implement the IEEE 754 standard in every detail. It was used to perform floating point arithmetic operations directly in hardware. The i387 was compatible only with the standard i386 chip; the cut down i386SX had its own coprocessor, the Intel 80387SX, that could work with the SX's narrower data bus. The coprocessor was released in 1987, two years after the 386 chip. It included much improved speed and commands over previous FPUs (80287 and 8087). The 80387 included full coverage of the trigonometric functions, Intel's previous offerings being limited to an argument range of plus or minus 45 degrees.

Intel 80486SX,486SX,i486DX

2009-02-05T10:14:00.000-08:00

The Intel's i486SX was a modified Intel 486DX microprocessor with its floating-point unit (FPU) disconnected. All early 486SX chips were actually i486DX chips with a defective FPU. If testing showed that the central processing unit was working but the FPU was defective, the FPU's power and bus connections were destroyed with a laser and the chip was sold cheaper as an SX; if the FPU worked it was sold as a DX. Computer Manufacturers that used these processors include Packard Bell, Compaq and IBM. Back in the early 1990s it wasn't advantageous for most users to have a FPU. On one hand, many typical applications like word processing and email do not use floating point operations. On the other hand, those involved in heavy computer gaming or mathematical work generally benefit from a FPU.

Some systems allowed the user to upgrade the i486SX to a CPU with a FPU. The FPU upgrade device was shipped as the i487, which was a full blown i486DX chip with an extra pin. The i487 was installed in an upgrade socket and the extra pin was either a power or ground pin that indicated that the i487 was installed. That signal was used to disable the i486SX when the i487 was installed. Although i486SX devices were not used at all when the i487 was installed, they were hard to remove because the i486SX was installed in non-ZIF sockets or in a plastic package that was surface mounted on the motherboard.

Intel 80487

2009-02-05T10:13:00.001-08:00

The Intel's i487 is a floating point unit coprocessor for Intel i486SX machines. It was essentially a full-blown i486DX chip. When installed into an i486SX system, the i487 disabled the main CPU and took over all CPU operations. In theory the computer would be able to operate if the original i486SX CPU was removed, although in practice a pin on the i487 prevented this.

Intel A100,A110 runs at 800MHz, the A100 at 600MHz,MIDs, UMPCs

2009-02-05T10:11:00.000-08:00

The Intel processors A100 and A110 are x86 architecture low-power microprocessors (code-named Stealey), with a Dothan core derived from the Intel Pentium M, built on a 90 nm process with 512KB L2 cache and 400MHz front side bus (FSB). The A100/A110 represent the CPU component of the McCaslin platform. They are to be replaced in 2008 by the Menlow platform, including the Silverthorne (Intel Atom) 45nm CPU and Poulsbo chipset.

The A110 runs at 800MHz, the A100 at 600MHz, and both have a TDP of 3 watts, and a power consumption in the lowest power state of only 0.4 watts.

The A100 and A110 processors are part of the Intel Ultra Mobile Platform 2007 and were designed to be used in MIDs, UMPCs and Ultralight laptops.

Intel 80486

2009-02-05T10:10:00.002-08:00

The Intel i486, otherwise known as the 80486, was the first tightly pipelined x86 design. Introduced in 1989, it was also the first x86 chip to use more than a million transistors, due to a large on-chip cache and an integrated floating point unit. It represents a fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs since the original 8086 of 1978, and it was the second 32-bit x86 design after the 80386.

A 50 MHz 80486 was reportedly able to perform 41 million instructions per second and was able to reach 50 MIPS peak.

(The i486 was so named, without the usual 80-prefix, because of a court ruling that prohibited trademarking numbers like 80486. Later, with the Pentium, Intel dropped number-based naming altogether.)

Improvements

The instruction set of the i486 is very similar to its predecessor, the Intel 80386, with the addition of only a few extra instructions, such as CMPXCHG which executes the Compare-and-swap atomic operation and the XADD which executes the Fetch-and-add atomic operation. Though many atomic test-and-set instructions have existed since the 8086/8088, they did not correspond to the atomic instructions implemented in certain RISC processors, which made it harder to port some applications from these processors.

From a performance point of view, the architecture of the i486 is a vast improvement over the 80386. It has an on-chip unified instruction and data cache, an on-chip floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced bus interface unit. In addition, simple instructions (such as ALU reg,reg) execute in one clock cycle. These improvements yield a rough doubling in performance over the 386 at the same clock rate. A 386 (or 286) chip therefore has to reach 50 MHz to be comparable with low end parts in the 486 series.
The 486DX2 architecture.

Differences between the 386 and 486

* An 8 KB on-chip SRAM cache stores the most commonly used instructions and data (16 KB and/or write-back on some later models). The 386 had no such internal cache but supported a slower off-chip cache.
* Tightly coupled pipelining allows the 486 to complete a simple instruction like ALU reg,reg or ALU reg,im every clock cycle. The 386 needed two clock cycles for this.
* Integrated FPU (disabled or absent in SX models) with a dedicated local bus gives faster floating point calculations compared to the i386+i387 combination.
* Improved MMU performance.

The 486 has a 32-bit data bus and a 32-bit address bus. This required either four matched 30-pin (8-bit) SIMMs or one 72-pin (32-bit) SIMM on a typical PC motherboard. The 32-bit address bus means that 4 GB of memory can be directly addressed.

The Intel project manager for the 80486 was Pat Gelsinger.

In May 2006 Intel announced that production of the 80486 would cease at the end of September 2007. Although the chip had long been obsolete for personal computer applications, Intel had continued production for use in embedded systems.

Itanium

2009-02-05T10:10:00.001-08:00

Itanium is the brand name for 64-bit Intel microprocessors that implement the Intel Itanium architecture (formerly called IA-64). Intel has released two processor families using the brand: the original Itanium and the Itanium 2. Starting November 1, 2007, new members of the second family are again called Itanium. The processors are marketed for use in enterprise servers and high-performance computing systems. The architecture originated at Hewlett-Packard (HP) and was later developed by HP and Intel together.

Itanium's architecture differs dramatically from the x86 architectures (and the x86-64 extensions) used in other Intel processors. The architecture is based on explicit instruction-level parallelism, in which the compiler makes the decisions about which instructions to execute in parallel. By contrast, other superscalar architectures depend on elaborate processor circuitry to keep track of instruction dependencies during runtime. This alternative approach helps current Itanium processors execute up to six instructions per clock cycle.

After a protracted development process, the first Itanium processor, codenamed Merced, was released in 2001, and more powerful Itanium processors have been released periodically. HP produces most Itanium-based systems, but several other manufacturers have also developed systems based on Itanium. As of 2007[update], Itanium is the fourth-most deployed microprocessor architecture for enterprise-class systems, behind x86-64, IBM POWER, and SPARC. Intel released its newest Itanium, codenamed Montvale, in November 2007, and has announced plans to release a quad-core Itanium processor (code-named Tukwila) to server OEMs in late 2008. Systems based on the new processor are expected to be available in early 2009, more than a year later than Intel's initial projection.

History

Development: 1989–2001

In 1989, HP determined that reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers investigated a new architecture, later named explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC), that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the compiler determines in advance which instructions can be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute in parallel. The goal of this approach is two-fold: first, to enable deeper inspection of the code to identify additional opportunities for parallel execution; and, second, to simplify processor design and reduce energy consumption by eliminating the need for runtime scheduling circuitry.

HP determined that it was no longer cost-effective for individual enterprise systems companies such as itself to develop proprietary microprocessors, so HP partnered with Intel in 1994 to develop the IA-64 architecture, which derived from EPIC. Intel was willing to undertake a very large development effort on IA-64 in the expectation that the resulting microprocessor would be used by the majority of enterprise systems manufacturers. HP and Intel initiated a large joint development effort with a goal of delivering the first product, Merced, in 1998.

During development, Intel, HP, and industry analysts predicted that IA-64 would dominate in servers, workstations, and high-end desktops, and eventually supplant RISC and complex instruction set computer (CISC) architectures for all general-purpose applications. Compaq and Silicon Graphics decided to abandon further development of the Alpha and MIPS architectures respectively in favor of migrating to IA-64.

Several groups developed operating systems for the architecture, including Microsoft Windows, Linux, and UNIX variants such as HP-UX, Solaris, Tru64 UNIX, and Monterey/64 (the latter three were canceled before reaching the market). By 1997, it was apparent that the IA-64 architecture and the compiler were much more difficult to implement than originally thought, and the delivery of Merced began slipping. Technical difficulties included the very high transistor counts needed to support the wide instruction words and the large caches. There were also structural problems within the project, as the two parts of the joint team used different methodologies and had slightly different priorities. Since Merced was the first EPIC processor, the development effort encountered more unanticipated problems than the team was accustomed to. In addition, the EPIC concept depends on compiler capabilities that had never been implemented before, so more research was needed.

Intel announced the official name of the processor, Itanium, on October 4, 1999. Within hours the name Itanic had been coined in an online chat room, a reference to Titanic, the "unsinkable" ocean liner which sank in 1912. Itanic has since often been used by The Register, Scott McNealy, and others, implying that the multibillion dollar investment in Itanium—and the tremendous early hype—would be followed by its relatively quick demise.

Original Itanium processor: 2001–02

By the time Itanium was released in June, 2001, it was no longer superior to contemporaneous RISC and CISC processors. Itanium competed at the low-end (primarily 4-CPU and smaller systems) with servers based on x86 processors, and at the high end with IBM's POWER architecture and Sun Microsystems' SPARC architecture. Intel repositioned Itanium to focus on high-end business and HPC computing, attempting to duplicate x86's successful "horizontal" market (i.e., single architecture, multiple systems vendors). The success of this initial processor version was limited to replacing PA-RISC and Alpha in HP systems and MIPS in SGI's HPC systems, though IBM also delivered a supercomputer based on this processor. POWER and SPARC remained strong, while the 32-bit x86 architecture continued to grow into the enterprise space. With economies of scale fueled by its enormous installed base, x86 has remained the preeminent "horizontal" architecture in enterprise computing.

Only a few thousand systems using the original Itanium processor were sold, due to relatively poor performance, high cost and limited software availability. Recognizing that the lack of software could be a serious issue moving forward, Intel made thousands of these early systems available to independent software vendors (ISVs) to stimulate development. HP and Intel brought the next-generation Itanium 2 processor to market a year later.

Itanium 2 processors: 2002–present

The Itanium 2 processor was released in 2002, and was marketed for enterprise servers rather than for the whole gamut of high-end computing. The initial Itanium 2 was codenamed McKinley. McKinley was manufactured using a 180 nm process technology, and relieved many of the performance problems of the original Itanium processor.

In 2003, AMD released the Opteron, which implemented its 64-bit architecture (x86-64). Opteron gained rapid acceptance in the enterprise server space because it provided an easy upgrade from x86. Intel responded by implementing x86-64 in its Xeon microprocessors in 2004. Intel released a new Itanium 2 family member, codenamed Madison, in 2003. Madison used a 130 nm process and was the basis of all new Itanium processors until Montecito was released in June 2006.

In March, 2005, Intel announced that it was working on a new Itanium processor, codenamed Tukwila, to be released in 2007. Tukwila would have four processor cores and would replace the Itanium bus with a new Common System Interface, which would also be used by a new Xeon processor. Intel later said that Tukwila would be delivered in late 2008.

In November 2005, the major Itanium server manufacturers joined with Intel and a number of software vendors to form the Itanium Solutions Alliance to promote the architecture and accelerate software porting. The Alliance announced that its members would invest $10 Billion in Itanium solutions by the end of the decade.

In 2006, Intel delivered Montecito, a dual-core processor that roughly doubled performance and decreased energy consumption by about 20 percent. Quad-core Tukwila processors are still expected to be available to OEMs in late 2008, with systems reaching the marketplace in early 2009.

In comparison with its Xeon family of server processors, Itanium is not a high-volume product for Intel. Intel does not release production numbers, but one industry analyst estimated that the production rate was 200,000 processors per year in 2007. According to Gartner Inc., the total number of Itanium servers sold by all vendors in 2007 was about 55,000. This compares with 417,000 RISC servers (spread across all RISC vendors) and 8.4 million x86 servers. From 2001 through 2007, IDC reports that a total of 184,000 Itanium-based systems have been sold. For the combined POWER/SPARC/Itanium systems market, IDC reports that POWER captured 42% and SPARC captured 32%, while Itanium-based system revenue reached 26% in the second quarter of 2008. According to an IDC analyst, HP currently accounts for perhaps 80% of Itanium systems revenue.

Tolapai,Intel's system-on-a-chip (SoC)

2009-02-05T10:09:00.001-08:00

Tolapai is the code name of Intel's system-on-a-chip (SoC) embedded processor which combines an x86 processor core, DDR2 memory controllers and I/O controllers, and a QuickAssist Integrated Accelerator unit for security functions.

The Tolapai Embedded processor will have 148 million transistors, 1088-ball FCBGA with a 1.092mm pitch, and come in a 37.5mm x 37.5mm package. This will also be Intel's first integrated x86 processor, chipset and memory controller since 1994's 80386EX.

Intel® EP80579 Integrated Processor for Embedded Computing

* CPU -- Pentium M clocked from between 600MHz and 1.2GHz
* Cache -- 256KB
* Package -- 1088-ball Flip Chip BGA
* Memory -- DDR2 from 400- to 800 MHz; MCH supports DIMM or memory down with optional 32-/64-bit and ECC configurations
* Bus -- One local expansion bus for general control or expanded peripheral connections
* PCI Express -- PCIe root complex interface in 1x8, 2x4, or 2x1 configurations
* Storage -- 2 x SATA (Gen1 or Gen2) interfaces
* Networking -- 3 x 10/100/1000 Ethernet MACs supporting RGMII or RMII, and Management Data Input/Output (MDIO)
* USB -- 2 x USB (1.1 or 2.0) interfaces
* GPIO -- 36 x General-Purpose I/O (GPIO) ports
* CAN -- 2 x CAN 2.0b interfaces
* High Speed Serial -- 3 x HSS ports for T1/E1 or FXS/FXO connections
* Serial -- 1 x synchronous serial port (SSP)
* UARTS -- 2 x 16550-compatible UARTs
* SMB -- 2 x System Management Bus (SMBus) interfaces
* LPC -- 1 x Low Pin Count (LPC 1.1) interface
* SPI -- 1 x Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) boot interface
* RTC -- Integrated real-time clock (RTC) support
* EDMA -- Enhanced DMA (EDMA) engine with low latency memory transfers; supports multiple peer-to-peer configurations
* Operating temperature -- 0 to 70 degrees C (most models); -40 to 85 degrees C (some models)

Moorestown (CPU),3G, WiMAX, WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth and mobile TV.

2009-02-05T10:08:00.000-08:00

Moorestown is the Intel Corporation's code name for successor to the Menlow platform designed for mobile Internet devices. Current proposals call for it to use 10 times less power than Silverthorne and to hit the market in 2009-2010

Moorestown is comprised of a system on a chip, code-named “Lincroft”, which integrates the 45nm processor, graphics, memory controller and video encode/decode onto a single chip and an I/O hub codenamed “Langwell”, which supports a range of I/O ports to connect with wireless, storage, and display components in addition to incorporating several board level functions.

Intel demonstrated the world’s first working Moorestown platform at IDF Taipei 2008. Anand Chandrasekher, Intel’s senior vice president and general manager of Intel’s ultra mobility group said that Moorestown “will be a catalyst for exciting and innovative developments that will extend the full Internet experience into the smartphone space with the communication MID”. He indicated that Moorestown platforms will support a range of wireless technologies including 3G, WiMAX, WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth and mobile TV.

He also announced a collaboration with Ericsson for HSPA data modules optimized for the Moorestown platform, and that Option is extending its collaboration for HSPA modules to the Moorestown platform. These 3G modules come in 25x30x2.x mm small size and are optimized for Moorestown power requirements.

Tukwila (processor)

2009-02-05T10:07:00.000-08:00

Tukwila is the code-name for a future generation of Intel's Itanium processor family following Itanium 2 and Montecito. It was expected to come to market in late 2008. While its features have not been publicly disclosed in detail, it is said to utilize both multiple processor cores (multi-core) and SMT techniques. The engineers said to be working on this project are from the Alpha project, specifically those working on the Alpha 21464 (EV8), which was focused on SMT.

Named for the city of Tukwila, Washington, Tukwila was previously code-named Tanglewood. However the name coincides with the Tanglewood music festival, and Intel renamed the project in late 2003.

The processor will have four processor cores per die and 30 MB of cache; it may only be able to operate at its rated clock frequency with some of the cores deactivated. In this way it can be configured for highest multithreaded performance or highest single thread performance, while staying within its thermal limits.

The processor should also be the first to contain more than 2 billion transistors on a single die.

Xeon compatibility

It has been publicly disclosed that Tukwila and its associated chipset would bring socket compatibility between Intel's Xeon and Itanium processors, by introducing a new interconnect called Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QuickPath, previously known as Common System Interface or CSI). This ultimate endeavor would help reduce product development costs for both Intel and its partners, by allowing for greater reuse of components and manufacturing processes. Tukwila is reported to have four "full" QuickPath links and two "half" links.

Whitefield, the first Xeon processor to feature QuickPath, suffered significant project delays and was cancelled.

Intel 80486 OverDrive

2009-02-05T10:02:00.000-08:00

The Intel's i486 OverDrive processors are a category of various Intel 80486s that were produced with the designated purpose of being used to upgrade personal computers. The OverDrives typically possessed qualities different from 'standard' i486s with the same speed steppings. Those included built-in voltage regulators, different pin-outs, write-back cache instead of write-through cache, built-in heatsinks, and fanless operation - features that made them more able to work where an ordinary edition of a particular model would not.

Intel Core i7,Yorkfield (QX9770) ,Nvidia 3-way SLI and ATI Crossfire X,Supermicro's X8SAX,1066 MHz DDR3 was 12.0 GB/s. A 3.0 GHz Core 2 Quad system

2009-02-04T11:10:00.000-08:00

Intel Core i7 is a family of three Intel desktop x86-64 processors, the first processors released using the Intel Nehalem microarchitecture and the successor to the Intel Core 2 family. All three models are quad-core processors. The Core i7 identifier applies to the initial family of processors codenamed Bloomfield. Intel representatives state that the moniker Core i7 does not have any deeper meaning. The name continues the use of the successful Core brand. Core i7, first assembled in Costa Rica, was officially launched on November 17, 2008 and is manufactured in Arizona, New Mexico and Oregon, though the Oregon plant is moving to the next generation 32 nm process.

Features

The Nehalem architecture has many new features, some of which are present in the Core i7. The ones that represent significant changes from the Core 2 include:

* The new LGA 1366 socket is incompatible with earlier processors.
* On-die memory controller: the memory is directly connected to the processor.
o Three channel memory: each channel can support one or two DDR3 DIMMs. Motherboards for Core i7 have four (3+1) or six DIMM slots instead of two or four, and DIMMs should be installed in sets of three, not two.
o Support for DDR3 only.
o No ECC support.
* The front side bus is replaced by QuickPath interface. Motherboards must use a chipset that supports QuickPath.
* The following caches:
o 32 KB L1 instruction and 32 KB L1 data cache per core
o 256 KB L2 cache (combined instruction and data) per core
o 8 MB L3 (combined instruction and data) "inclusive", shared by all cores
* Single-die device: all four cores, the memory controller, and all cache are on a single die.
* "Turbo Boost" technology allows all active cores to intelligently clock themselves up in steps of 133 MHz over the design clock rate as long as the CPU's predetermined thermal and electrical requirements are still met.
* Re-implemented Hyper-threading. Each of the four cores can process up to two threads simultaneously, so the processor appears to the OS as eight CPUs. This feature was present in the older NetBurst architecture but was dropped in Core.
* Only one QuickPath interface: not intended for multi-processor motherboards.
* 45nm process technology.
* 781M transistors for the quad core version.
* Sophisticated power management can place an unused core in a zero-power mode.
* Support for SSE4.2 & SSE4.1 instruction sets.

Processor cores

* The clock rates listed here are as specified by Intel for normal mode. "Turbo boost" can increase the rate on active cores in steps of 133 MHz (Or in steps of the FSB used if overclocked) up to a predetermined limit for short periods when required, which can be useful with single threaded applications.
* The 965 XE has separate unlocked multipliers for memory and cores.
o Core clock above those in the table are not guaranteed by Intel. Rates above 5GHz have been reported.
o Memory rates above those in the table are not guaranteed by Intel. Rates above DDR3-2000 have been reported.
* The processor has a Thermal Design Power of 130W and will slow itself down if this power is exceeded. This feature can be disabled from an option in most of the new motherboards' BIOS.
* Prices are per unit in lots of 1,000 in USD.

Performance

* The Inquirer managed to get a 965 engineering sample to a core clock speed of up 4GHz with fan cooling and Turbo Boost alone.
* IT OC Taiwan overclocked an engineering sample of the 965, to 4.20 GHz with a QPI speed of 200 MHz and a multiplier value of 21.0x. A vCore setting of 1.72V was used, which is far higher than the stock of 1.25V.
* A Core i7 940 system running at stock speeds has obtained a 3DMark Vantage benchmark CPU score of 17,966. A Core i7 920 system scored 16,294 running at stock speeds. An Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770, a very expensive member of the previous generation of Intel processors (costing over four times the price of the 920 at its launch), scored 13,182 also running at stock speeds.

* AnandTech tested the Intel QuickPath Interconnect (4.8 GT/s version) and found the copy bandwidth using triple-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 was 12.0 GB/s. A 3.0 GHz Core 2 Quad system using dual-channel 1066 MHz DDR3 achieved 6.9 GB/s.

Overclocking

The process of overclocking the Core i7 architecture is similar to that of the AMD architecture due to the on-die MCH. Over-clocking will be possible with the 900 series and a motherboard equipped with the X58 chipset. In early October 2008, reports surfaced that it will not be possible to use "performance" DDR3 DIMMs that require voltages higher than 1.65v, because the integrated memory controller within the Core i7 will be damaged. Some tests, however, have demonstrated that the voltage limit does not apply, like on a MSI board, and manufacturers can choose to bond CPU voltage to memory or not. By the end of the month, performance memory vendors had announced 1.65v DDR3 memory kits with clock rates up to 2GHz.

The Core i7 has three memory channels, and the channel bandwidth can be selected by setting the memory multiplier. However, in early benchmarks, when the clock rate is set higher than a threshold (1333 for the 965XE) the processor will only access two memory channels simultaneously. A 965XE has higher memory throughput with 3xDDR3-1333 than with 3xDDR3-1600, and 2xDDR3-1600 has almost identical throughput to 3xDDR3-1600.

Drawbacks

The Core i7 does not support error-correcting memory. Some high-end motherboards that support the Core i7 advertise support for ECC memory, for example Supermicro's C7X58 and X8SAX (for example, see , Supermicro's X8SAX page), however, in the same motherboard manuals, it is made clear that ECC is only supported if the CPU has the feature enabled.

Some early articles suggested that i7's design is not ideal for gaming performance. In a test done on leaked hardware, a Core i7 940 compared to a QX9770 shows the Core i7 is slower than Yorkfield clock for clock in 2 while being faster in the other two. The difference in all cases is small, and is due to the significantly smaller sized L2 cache on the processor cores, with each core able to access its own 256 kB of L2 cache. In contrast, the most recent Yorkfields have up to 12 MB of L2 cache. To help compensate, the Core i7 also has a new L3 cache of 8 MB, shared among all four cores, similar to AMD's "Barcelona" processors. This is due to the trend of games making use of more threads, and with HT (Hyperthreading) the Core i7 can scale more than 4x faster, such as in cinebench tests. However, more recent testing done on all clock rates of official hardware with final drivers and BIOS revisions show that Core i7 at the very least beats Yorkfield clock-for-clock, and in most cases exceeds it by an average of about 17%. But when it comes to high-end multi-GPU environments (Nvidia 3-way SLI and ATI Crossfire X), the i7 is revealed to be much faster than Yorkfield (QX9770) in clock-for-clock.

Pentium 4 ,Pentium 4, 2.4 GHz,64-bit x86-64 se

2009-02-04T11:08:00.000-08:00

The Pentium 4 brand refers to Intel's line of single-core mainstream desktop and laptop central processing units (CPUs) introduced on November 20, 2000 (August 8, 2008 was the date of last shipments of Pentium 4s). They had the 7th-generation microarchitecture, called NetBurst, which was the company's first all-new design since 1995, when the Intel P6 microarchitecture of the Pentium Pro CPUs had been introduced. NetBurst differed from the preceding Intel P6 - of Pentium III, II, etc. - by featuring a very deep instruction pipeline to achieve very high clock speeds (up to 4 GHz) limited only by maximum power consumption (TDP) reaching up to 115 W in 3.6–3.8 GHz Prescotts and Prescotts 2M (a high TDP requires additional cooling that can be noisy or expensive). In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set.

The original Pentium 4, codenamed "Willamette", ran at 1.4 and 1.5 GHz and was released in November 2000 on the Socket 423 platform. Notable with the introduction of the Pentium 4 was the 400 MT/s FSB. It was actually based on a 100 MHz clock wave, but the bus was quad-pumped, meaning that the maximum transfer rate was four times that of a normal bus, so it was considered to run at 400 MT/s. The AMD Athlon was running at 266 MT/s (using a double-pumped bus) at that time.

Pentium 4 CPUs introduced the SSE2 and SSE3 instruction sets to accelerate calculations, transactions, media processing, 3D graphics, and games. They also integrated Hyper-threading (HT), a feature to make one physical CPU work as two logical and virtual CPUs. The Intel's flagship Pentium 4 also came in a low-end version branded Celeron (often referred to as Celeron 4), and a high-end derivative, Xeon, intended for multiprocessor servers and workstations. In 2005, the Pentium 4 was complemented by the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition dual-core CPUs.

Architecture

In benchmark evaluations, the advantages of the NetBurst architecture were not clear. With carefully optimized application code, the first P4 did outperform Intel's fastest Pentium III, as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or x87 floating-point instructions, the P4 would merely match or even fall behind its predecessor. Its main handicap was a shared uni-directional bus. Furthermore, the NetBurst architecture dissipated more heat than any previous Intel or AMD processor.

As a result, the Pentium 4's introduction was met with mixed reviews: Developers disliked the Pentium 4, as it posed a new set of code optimization rules. For example, in mathematical applications AMD's much lower-clocked Athlon easily outperformed the Pentium 4, which would only catch up if software were re-compiled with SSE2 support. Tom Yager of Infoworld magazine called it "the fastest CPU - for programs that fit entirely in cache". Computer-savvy buyers avoided Pentium 4 PCs due to their price-premium and questionable benefit. In terms of product marketing, the Pentium 4's singular emphasis on clock frequency (above all else) made it a marketer's dream. The result of this was that the NetBurst architecture was often referred to as a marchitecture by various computing websites and publications during the life of the Pentium 4.

The two classical metrics of CPU performance are IPC (instructions per cycle) and clock-frequency. While IPC is difficult to quantify (due to dependence on the benchmark application's instruction mix), clock-frequency is a simple measurement yielding a single absolute number. Unsophisticated buyers would simply associate the highest clock-rating with the best product, and the Pentium 4 was the undisputed megahertz champion. As AMD was unable to compete by these rules, it countered Intel's marketing advantage with the 'megahertz myth campaign.' AMD product marketing used a "PR-rating" system, which assigned a merit value based on relative-performance to a baseline machine.

A Pentium 4, 2.4 GHz

At the launch of the P4, Intel stated NetBurst was expected to scale to 10 GHz (over several fabrication process generations). However, the NetBurst architecture ultimately hit a frequency ceiling far below expectation—the fastest retail Pentium 4 never exceeded 4 GHz. Intel had not anticipated a rapid upward scaling of transistor power leakage that began to occur as the chip reached the 90 nm process node and smaller. This new power leakage phenomenon, along with the standard thermal output, created cooling and clock scaling problems as clock speeds increased. Reacting to these unexpected obstacles, Intel attempted several core redesigns ("Prescott" most notably) and explored new manufacturing technologies. Nothing solved their problems though and in 2005–06 Intel shifted development away from NetBurst to focus on the cooler-running Pentium M architecture. In March 2006, Intel announced the Intel Core microarchitecture, which puts greater emphasis on energy efficiency and performance per clock. The final NetBurst-derived products were released in 2006, with all subsequent product families switching exclusively to the Intel Core microarchitecture.

Pentium Dual-Core ,Yonah,Allendale,Wolfdale

2009-02-04T11:06:00.000-08:00

The Pentium Dual-Core brand refers to mainstream x86-architecture microprocessors from Intel. They are based on either the 32-bit Yonah or (with quite different microarchitectures) 64-bit Merom, Allendale, and, more recently, with the launch of the model E5200, Wolfdale core, targeted at mobile or desktop computers.

Processor cores

In 2006, Intel announced a plan to return the Pentium brand from retirement to the market, as a moniker of low-cost Core architecture processors based on single-core Conroe-L, but with 1 MB cache. The numbers for those planned Pentiums were similar to the numbers of the latter Pentium Dual-Core CPUs, but with the first digit "1", instead of "2", suggesting their single-core functionality. Apparently, a single-core Conroe-L with 1 MB cache was not strong enough to distinguish the planned Pentiums from other planned Celerons, so it was replaced by dual-core CPUs, bringing the "Dual-Core" add-on to the "Pentium" moniker.

Yonah

The first processors using the brand appeared in notebook computers in early 2007. Those processors, named Pentium T2060, T2080, and T2130[2], had the 32-bit Pentium M-derived Yonah core, and closely resembled the Core Duo T2050 processor with the exception of having 1 MB L2 cache instead of 2 MB. All three of them had a 533 MHz FSB connecting CPU with memory. "Intel developed the Pentium Dual-Core at the request of laptop manufacturers."

Allendale

Subsequently, on June 3, 2007, Intel released the desktop Pentium Dual-Core branded processors known as the Pentium E2140 and E2160. A E2180 model was released later in September 2007. These processors support the Intel 64 extensions, being based on the newer, 64-bit Allendale core with Core microarchitecture. These closely resembled the Core 2 Duo E4300 processor with the exception of having 1 MB L2 cache instead of 2 MB. Both of them had an 800 MHz FSB. They targeted the budget market above the Intel Celeron (Conroe-L single-core series) processors featuring only 512 kB of L2 cache. Such a step marked a change in the Pentium brand, relegating it to the budget segment rather than its former position as the mainstream/premium brand.

Wolfdale

The 45nm E5200 model was released by Intel on August 31, 2008, with a larger 2MB L2 cache over the 65nm E21xx series and the 2.5GHz clock speed. The E5200 model is also a highly overclockable processor, as the Taiwanese computer enthusiast "Coolaler" was able to overclock an engineering sample of the E5200 to a high 4.0GHz clock speed.

Comparison to the Pentium D

Although using the Pentium name, the Pentium Dual Core is based on the Core technology, which can clearly be seen when comparing the specification to the Pentium D series. For example, the Pentium Dual Core has a maximum of 2MB of L2 Cache while the Pentium D processors can have up to 4MB of L2 Cache. But the major difference is the Pentium Dual Core processors only consume 65W peak while the Pentium D consumes a considerable 130W peak consumption which shows its relation to the Core power-saving technology. Despite having a smaller L2 cache, the Pentium dual-core has proven to be much faster than the Pentium D under a variety of CPU-intensive applications.

Pentium Pro

2009-02-04T11:02:00.000-08:00

The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86-based microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1995. It introduced the P6 microarchitecture (sometime referred as i686) and was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications. While the Pentium and Pentium MMX had 3.1 and 4.5 million transistors, respectively, the Pentium Pro contained 5.5 million transistors. Later, it was reduced to a more narrow role as a server and high-end desktop chip. The Pentium Pro was capable of both dual- and quad-processor configurations. It only came in one form factor, the relatively large rectangular Socket 8.

In 1997, the Pentium Pro was succeeded by the Pentium II processor, which was essentially a cost-reduced and re-branded Pentium Pro with the addition of MMX and enhanced 16-bit code performance. Costs were reduced by using standard SRAM cache chips running at half-speed, which increased production yields. The next year, in 1998, Intel split the market into three segments: budget workstations and home users, higher-end workstations and power users, and multi-processor capable servers. Those segments were served by the Celeron, the Pentium II, and the Pentium II Xeon, respectively.

The Pentium Pro (given the Intel product code 80521), was the first generation of the P6 architecture, which would carry Intel well into the next decade. The design would scale from its initial 150 MHz start, all the way up to 1.4 GHz with the "Tualatin" Pentium III. The Pentium Pro had a theoretical performance of 200 MFLOPS. The core's various traits would continue after that in the derivative core called "Banias" in Pentium M and Intel Core (Yonah), which itself would evolve into Core architecture (Core 2 processor) in 2006 and onward.

Microarchitecture and performance

Belying its name, the Pentium Pro had a completely new microarchitecture, a departure from the Pentium rather than an extension of it. The Pentium Pro (P6) featured many advanced concepts not found in the Pentium, although it wasn't the first or only x86 processor that did (see NexGen Nx586 or Cyrix 6x86). The Pentium Pro pipeline employed extra decoding steps to translate IA-32 instructions dynamically into buffered micro-operation sequences which could then be analysed, reordered, and renamed in order to detect parallelizable operations that may feed more than one execution unit at once. The Pentium Pro thus featured out of order execution, including speculative execution via register renaming. It also had a wider 36-bit address bus (usable by PAE).

Performance with 32-bit code was excellent and well ahead of the older Pentium at the time, by 25-35%; however, the Pentium Pro's 16-bit performance was approximately only 20% faster than that of a Pentium due to the fact that register renaming was done on full 32-bit registers only (this was fixed in the Pentium-II).

It was this, along with the Pentium Pro's high price, that caused the rather lackluster reception among PC enthusiasts, given the dominance at the time of the 16-bit MS-DOS, 16/32-bit Windows 3.1x, and 32/16-bit Windows 95 (parts of Windows 95, such as USER.exe, were still mostly 16-bit). To gain the full advantages of Pentium Pro's microarchitecture, one needed to run a fully 32-bit OS such as Windows NT 3.51, Unix, Linux or OS/2.

After the microprocessor was released a bug was discovered in the floating point unit, commonly called the "Pentium Pro and Pentium II FPU bug" and by Intel as the "flag erratum". The bug occurs under some circumstances during floating-point to integer conversion when the floating-point number won't fit into the smaller integer format causing the FPU to deviate from its documented behaviour. The bug is considered to be minor and occurs under such special circumstances that very few, if any, software programs are affected.

An innovation in cache

Likely Pentium Pro's most noticeable addition was its on-package L2 cache, which ranged from 256 KB at introduction to 1 MB in 1997. At the time, manufacturing technology did not feasibly allow a large L2 cache to be integrated into the processor core. Intel instead placed the L2 die(s) separately in the package which still allowed it to run at the same clock speed as the CPU core. Additionally, unlike most motherboard-based cache schemes that shared the main system bus with the CPU, the Pentium Pro's cache had its own backside bus (called dual independent bus by Intel). Because of this, the CPU could read main memory and cache concurrently, greatly reducing a traditional bottleneck. The cache was also "non-blocking", meaning that the processor could issue more than one cache request at a time (up to 4), reducing cache-miss penalties. (This is an example of MLP, Memory Level Parallelism.) These properties combined to produce an L2 cache that was immensely faster than the motherboard-based caches of older processors. This cache alone gave the CPU an advantage in input/output performance over older x86 CPUs. In multiprocessor configurations, Pentium Pro's integrated cache skyrocketed performance in comparison to architectures which had each CPU sharing a central cache.

However, this far faster L2 cache did come with some complications. The Pentium Pro's "on-package cache" arrangement was unique. The processor and the cache were on separate dies in the same package and connected closely by a full-speed bus. The two or three dies had to be bonded together early in the production process, before testing was possible. This meant that a single, tiny flaw in either die made it necessary to discard the entire assembly, which was one of the reasons for the Pentium Pro's relatively low production yield and high cost. All versions of the chip were expensive, those with 1024 KB being particularly so, since it required two 512 KB cache dies as well as the processor die.

Available models

Pentium Pro clock speeds were 150, 166, 180 or 200 MHz with a 60 or 66 MHz external bus clock. Some users chose to overclock their Pentium Pro chips, with the 200 MHz version often being run at 233 MHz, and the 150 MHz version often being run at 166 MHz. The chip was popular in symmetric multiprocessing configurations, with dual and quad SMP server and workstation setups being commonplace.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, the Pentium Pro is family 6, model 1, and its Intel Product code is 80521.

INTEL Xeon,Pentium II Xeon,Pentium III Xeon, Xeon (DP) & Xeon MP (32-bit),Prestonia,Gallatin,Dual-Core Xeon,7000-series Paxville MP,LV (ULV), Sossaman

2009-02-04T10:57:00.000-08:00

The Xeon brand refers to many families of Intel's x86 multiprocessing CPUs – for dual-processor (DP) and multi-processor (MP) configuration on a single motherboard targeted at non-consumer markets of server and workstation computers, and also at blade servers and embedded systems. The Xeon brand has been maintained over several generations of x86 and x86-64 processors. Older models added the Xeon moniker to the end of the name of their corresponding desktop processor, but more recent models used the name Xeon on its own. The Xeon CPUs generally have more cache than their desktop counterparts in addition to multiprocessing capabilities. Intel's (non-x86) IA-64 processors are called Itanium, not Xeon.

Pentium II Xeon

The first Xeon branded processor was released in 1998, named the Pentium II Xeon (codenamed "Drake"), as the replacement of the Pentium Pro. It was based on the 0.25 µm "Deschutes" core (P6 microarchitecture) branded Pentium II (sharing its 80523 product code), used either a 440GX (a dual-processor workstation chipset) or 450NX (quad-processor, or oct with additional logic) chipset, and differed from the Pentium II desktop CPU (Deschutes) in that its off-die L2 cache ran at full speed. It also used a larger slot known as slot 2. Cache sizes were 512 KB, 1 MB, and 2 MB, and it used a 100 MT/s front side bus (FSB).

Pentium III Xeon

In 1999, the Pentium II Xeon was replaced by the Pentium III Xeon. Reflecting the incremental changes from the Pentium II "Deschutes" core to the Pentium III "Katmai" core, the first Pentium III Xeon, named "Tanner", was just like its predecessor except for the addition of Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and a few cache controller improvements. The second version, named "Cascades", was based on the Pentium III "Coppermine" core. The "Cascades" Xeon used a 133 MT/s bus and relatively small 256 KB on-die L2 cache resulting in almost the same capabilities as the Slot 1 Coppermine processors, which were capable of dual-processor operation but not quad-processor operation. To improve this situation, Intel released another version, officially also named "Cascades", but often referred to as "Cascades 2 MB". That came in two variants: with 1 MB or 2 MB of L2 cache. Its bus speed was fixed at 100 MT/s, though in practice the cache was able to offset this. Product codes for Tanner and Cascades mirrored that of Katmai and Coppermine; 80525 and 80526 respectively.

Xeon (DP) & Xeon MP (32-bit)

Foster

In mid-2001, the Xeon brand was introduced ("Pentium" was dropped from the name). The initial variant that used the new NetBurst architecture, "Foster", was slightly different from the desktop Pentium 4 ("Willamette"). It was a decent chip for workstations, but for server applications it was almost always outperformed by the older Cascades 2 MB core and AMD's Athlon MP. Combined with the need to use expensive Rambus Dynamic RAM, the Foster's sales were somewhat unimpressive.

At most two Foster processors could be accommodated in a symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system built with a mainstream chipset, so a second version (Foster MP) was introduced with a 1 MB L3 cache and the Jackson Hyper-Threading capacity. This improved performance slightly, but not enough to lift it out of third place. It was also priced much higher than the dual-processor (DP) versions. The Foster shared the 80528 product code with Willamette.

Prestonia

In 2002 Intel released a 130 nm version of Xeon branded CPU, codenamed "Prestonia". It supported Intel's new Hyper-Threading technology and had a 512 KB L2 cache. This was based on the "Northwood" Pentium 4 core. A new server chipset, E7500 (which allowed the use of dual-channel DDR SDRAM) was released to support this processor in servers, and soon the bus speed was boosted to 533 MT/s (accompanied by new chipsets: the E7501 for servers and the E7505 for workstations). The Prestonia performed much better than its predecessor and noticeably better than Athlon MP. The support of new features in the E75xx series also gave it a key advantage over the Pentium III Xeon and Athlon MP branded CPUs (both stuck with rather old chipsets), and it quickly became the top-selling server/workstation processor.

Gallatin

Subsequent to the Prestonia was the "Gallatin", which had an L3 cache of 1 MB or 2 MB. Its Xeon MP version also performed much better than the Foster MP, and was popular in servers. Later experience with the 130 nm process allowed Intel to create the Xeon MP branded Gallatin with 4 MB cache. The Xeon branded Prestonia and Gallatin were designated 80532, like Northwood.

Xeon (DP) & Xeon MP (64-bit)

Due to a lack of success with Intel's Itanium and Itanium 2 processors, AMD was able to introduce x86-64, a 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Intel followed suit by including Intel 64 (formerly EM64T; it is almost identical to AMD64) in the 90 nm version of the Pentium 4 ("Prescott"), and a Xeon version codenamed "Nocona" was released in 2004. Released with it were the E7525 (workstation), E7520 and E7320 (both server) chipsets, which added support for PCI Express, DDR-II and Serial ATA. The Xeon was noticeably slower than AMD's Opteron, although it could be faster in situations where Hyper-Threading came into play.

A slightly updated core called "Irwindale" was released in early 2005, with twice the L2 cache of Nocona and able to reduce its clockspeeds during low processor demand. However, independent tests showed that AMD's Opteron still outperformed Irwindale.

64-bit Xeon MPs were introduced in April 2005. The cheaper "Cranford" was an MP version of Nocona, while the more expensive "Potomac" was a Cranford with 8 MB of L3 cache. All these Prescott-derived Xeons have the product code 80546.

Dual-Core Xeon

"Paxville DP"

The first dual-core CPU branded Xeon, codenamed Paxville DP, product code 80551, was released by Intel on 10 October 2005. Paxville DP had NetBurst architecture, and was a dual-core equivalent of the single-core Irwindale (related to the Pentium D branded "Smithfield"") with 4 MB of L2 Cache (2 MB per core). The only one Paxville DP model released ran at 2.8 GHz, featured an 800 MT/s front side bus, and was produced using a 90 nm process.

7000-series "Paxville MP"

An MP-capable version of Paxville DP, codenamed Paxville MP, product code 80560, was released on 1 November 2005. There are two versions: one with 2 MB of L2 Cache (1 MB per core), and one with 4 MB of L2 (2 MB per core). Paxville MP, called the dual-core Xeon 7000-series, was produced using a 90 nm process. Paxville MP clock ranges between 2.67 GHz and 3.0 GHz (model numbers 7020-7041), with some models having a 667 MT/s FSB, and others having an 800 MT/s FSB.

LV (ULV), "Sossaman"

On 14 March 2006, Intel released a dual-core processor codenamed Sossaman and branded as Xeon LV (low-voltage). Subsequently an ULV (ultra-low-voltage) version was released. The Sossaman was a low-/ultra-low-power and double-processor capable CPU (like AMD Quad FX), based on the "Yonah" processor, for ultradense non-consumer environment (i.e. targeted at the blade-server and embedded markets), and it was rated at a thermal design power (TDP) of 31 W (LV: 1.66 GHz and 2 GHz ) and 15 W (ULV: 1.66 GHz)[2]. As such, it supported most of the same features as earlier Xeons: Virtualization Technology, 667 MT/s front side bus, and dual-core processing, but it did not support 64-bit operations, so it could not run 64-bit-only server software, such as Microsoft Exchange Server 2007, and therefore it was limited to only 16 GB of memory. A planned successor, codenamed "Merom MP" was to be a drop-in upgrade to allow Sossaman-based servers to upgrade to 64-bit capability. However, this was abandoned in favour of low-voltage versions of the Woodcrest LV processor leaving the Sossaman at a dead-end with no planned upgrades.

5000-series "Dempsey"

On 23 May 2006, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5000 series) codenamed Dempsey (product code 80555). Released as the Dual-Core Xeon 5000-series, Dempsey is a NetBurst architecture processor produced using a 65 nm process, and is virtually identical to Intel's "Presler" Pentium Extreme Edition, except for the addition of SMP support, which lets Dempsey operate in dual-processor systems. Dempsey ranges between 2.50 GHz and 3.73 GHz (model numbers 5020-5080). Some models have a 667 MT/s FSB, and others have a 1066 MT/s FSB. Dempsey has 4 MB of L2 Cache (2 MB per core). A Medium Voltage model, at 3.2 GHz and 1066 MT/s FSB (model number 5063), has also been released. Dempsey also introduces a new interface for Xeon processors: Socket J, also known as LGA 771.

5100-series "Woodcrest"

On 26 June 2006, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5100 series) codenamed Woodcrest (product code 80556); it was the first Intel Core microarchitecture processor to be launched on the market. It is a server and workstation version of the Intel Core 2 processor. Intel claims that it provides an 80% boost in performance, while reducing power consumption by 20% relative to the Pentium D.

Most models have a 1333 MT/s FSB, except for the 5110 and 5120, which have a 1066 MT/s FSB. The fastest processor (5160) operates at 3.0 GHz. All Woodcrests use LGA 771 and all except two models have a TDP of 65 W. The 5160 has a TDP of 80 W and the 5148LV (2.33 GHz) has a TDP of 40 W. The previous generation Xeons had a TDP of 130 W. All models support Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, with the "Demand Based Switching" power management option only on Dual-Core Xeon 5140 or above. Woodcrest has 4 MB of shared L2 Cache.

7100-series "Tulsa"

Released on 29 August 2006,[3] the 7100 series, codenamed Tulsa (product code 80550), is an improved version of Paxville MP, built on a 65 nm process, with 2 MB of L2 cache (1 MB per core) and up to 16 MB of L3 cache. It uses Socket 604 . Tulsa was released in two lines: the N-line uses a 667 MT/s FSB, and the M-line uses an 800 MT/s FSB. The N-line ranges from 2.5 GHz to 3.5 GHz (model numbers 7110N-7150N), and the M-line ranges from 2.6 GHz to 3.4 GHz (model numbers 7110M-7140M). L3 cache ranges from 4 MB to 16 MB across the models.

7200-series "Tigerton"

The 7200 series, codenamed Tigerton (product code 80564) is an MP-capable processor, similar to the 7300 series, but, in contrast, only one core is active on each silicon chip, and the other one is turned off (blocked), resulting as a dual-core capable processor.

3000-series "Conroe"

The 3000 series, codenamed Conroe (product code 80557) dual-core Xeon (branded) CPU, released at the end of September 2006, was just a rebranded version of the Intel's mainstream Conroe, otherwise branded as Core 2 Duo (for consumer desktops). Unlike most Xeon processors, they only supported single-CPU operation. They use Socket T (LGA775), operate on a 1066 MHz front-side bus, support Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology and Intel Virtualization Technology but do not support Hyper-Threading. Intel Processors with a number ending in "5" have a 1333 MT/s FSB.

3100-series "Wolfdale"

The 3100 series, codenamed Wolfdale (product code 80570) dual-core Xeon (branded) CPU, was just rebranded version of the Intel's mainstream Wolfdale featuring the same 45 nm process and 6 MB of L2 cache. Unlike most Xeon processors, they only support single-CPU operation. They use Socket T (LGA775), operate on a 1333 MHz front-side bus, support Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology and Intel Virtualization Technology but do not support Hyper-Threading.

5200-series "Wolfdale DP"

On 11 November 2007, Intel released the dual-core CPU (Xeon branded 5200 series) codenamed Wolfdale DP (product code 80573), it is built on a 45 nm process like the desktop Core 2 Duo Wolfdale and the Xeon-SP Wolfdale, featuring Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, it is unclear whether the "Demand Based Switching" power management will be available on the L5238 which is scheduled for April 2008. Wolfdale has 6 MB of shared L2 Cache.

Quad-Core and Multi-Core Xeon

3200-series "Kentsfield"

Intel released relabeled versions of its quad-core (2x2) Core 2 Quad processor as the Xeon 3200-series (product code 80562) on 7 January 2007. The 2x2 "quad-core" (dual-die dual-core) comprised two separate dual-core die next to each other in one CPU package. The models are the X3210, X3220 and X3230, running at 2.13 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 2.66 GHz, respectively. Like the 3000-series, these models only support single-CPU operation and operate on a 1066 MHz front-side bus. It is targeted at the "blade" market. The X3220 is also branded and sold as Core2 Quad Q6600, the X3230 as Q6700.

3300-series "Yorkfield"

Intel released relabeled versions of its quad-core (2x2) Core 2 Quad Yorkfield Q9400 and Q9x50 processors as the Xeon 3300-series (product code 80569). It comprised two separate dual-core dies next to each other in one CPU package and manufactured in a 45 nm process. The models are the X3320, X3350, X3360 and X3370, running at 2.50 GHz, 2.66 GHz, 2.83 GHz and 3.0 GHz, respectively. The L2 cache is a unified 6 MB per die (except for the X3320 with a smaller 3 MB L2 cache per die), and a front-side bus of 1333 MHz. All models feature Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, as well as "Demand Based Switching".

5300-series "Clovertown"

A quad-core (2x2) successor of the Woodcrest for DP segment, consisting of two dual-core Woodcrest chips in one package similarly to the dual-core Pentium D branded CPUs (two single-core chips) or the quad-core Kentsfield. The Clovertown has been usually implemented with two Woodcrest dies on a multi-chip module, with 8 MB of L2 cache (4 MB per die). Like Woodcrest, lower models use a 1066 MT/s FSB, and higher models use a 1333 MT/s FSB. Intel released Clovertown, product code 80563, on 14 November 2006[ with models E5310, E5320, E5335, E5345, and X5355, ranging from 1.6 GHz to 2.66 GHz. The E and X designations are borrowed from Intel's Core 2 model numbering scheme; an ending of -0 implies a 1066 MT/s FSB, and an ending of -5 implies a 1333 MT/s FSB. All models have a TDP of 80 W with the exception of the X5355, which has a TDP of 120 W. A low-voltage version of Clovertown with a TDP of 50 W has a model numbers L5310, L5320 and L5335 (1.6 GHz, 1.86 GHz and 2.0 GHz respectively). The 3.0 GHz X5365 arrived in July 2007, and became available in the Apple Mac Pro on 4 April 2007. The X5365 is among the fastest processors, performing up to around 38 GFLOPS in the LINPACK benchmark.

5400-series "Harpertown"

On 11 November 2007 Intel presented Yorkfield based Xeons - called Harpertown (product code 80574) - to the public.[9] This family consists of dual die quad-core CPUs manufactured on a 45 nm process and featuring 1333 MHz to 1600 MHz front-side buses, with TDP rated from 50 W to 150 W depending on the model. These processors fit in the LGA771 socket. All models feature Intel 64 (Intel's x86-64 implementation), the XD bit, and Virtualization Technology, as well as the Demand Based Switching, except the E5405, which lacks this feature. The supplementary character in front of the model-number represents the thermal rating: an L depicts an TDP of 50 W, an E depicts 80 W whereas a X is 120 W TDP or above. The speed of 3.00 GHz comes as four models, two models with 80 W TDP two other models with 120 W TDP with 1333 MHz or 1600 MHz front-side bus respectively. The fastest Harpertown is the X5492 whose TDP of 150 W is higher than those of the Prescott-based Xeon DP but having twice as many cores. (The X5482 is also sold under the name "Core 2 Extreme QX9775" for use in the Intel SkullTrail system.)

Intel 1600 MHz front-side bus Xeon processors will drop into the Seaburg chipset whereas several mainboards featuring the Intel 5000/5200-chipset are enabled to run the processors with 1333 MHz front-side bus processors. Seaburg features support for dual PCIe 2.0 x16 slots and up to 128 GB of memory.

7300-series "Tigerton"

The 7300 series, codenamed Tigerton (product code 80565) is a four-socket (packaged in Socket 604) and greater capable quad-core processor, consisting of two dual core Core2 architecture silicon chips on a single ceramic module, similar to Intel's Xeon 5300 series Clovertown processor modules. It was announced on 5 September 2007 , and is currently shipping.

The 7300 series uses Intel's Caneland (Clarksboro) platform.

Intel claims the 7300 series Xeons offer more than twice the performance and more than three times the performance per watt as Intel's previous generation 7100 series. The 7300 series' Caneland chipset provides a point to point interface allowing the full front side bus bandwidth per processor.

The 7xxx series is aimed at the large server market, supporting configurations of up to 32 CPUs per host.

7400-series "Dunnington"

Dunnington - the last CPU of the Penryn generation and Intel's first multi-core (above two) die - features a single-die six- (or hexa-) core design with three unified 3 MB L2 caches (resembling three merged 45 nm dual-core Wolfdale dies), and 96 KB L1 cache (Data) and 16 MB of L3 cache. It features 1066 MHz FSB, fits into the Tigerton's mPGA604 socket, and is compatible with the Caneland chipset. These processors support DDR2-1066 (533 MHz), and have a maximum TDP below 130 W. They are intended for blades and other stacked computer systems. Availability is scheduled for the second half of 2008. It will be followed shortly by the Nehalem microarchitecture.

Announced on Sept. 15, 2008. Intel link

5500-series "Gainestown"

Gainestown is the codename for the successor to the Xeon Intel Core microarchitecture, is based on the Nehalem architecture and uses the same 45 nm manufacturing methods as Intel's Penryn. The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture is the desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008. Server processors of the Xeon 55xx range were first supplied to testers in December 2008.

The performance improvements over previous Xeon processors are based mainly on:

* Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM channels
* A new point-to-point processor interconnect QuickPath, replacing the legacy front side bus
* Simultaneous multithreading by multiple cores and hyperthreading (2x per core).

Pentium M,Pentium M 710 (1.4 GHz),715 (1.5 GHz),725 (1.6 GHz),735 (1.7 GHz),740 (1.73 GHz),745 (1.8 GHz),750 (1.86 GHz),755 (2.0 GHz), and 765 ()

2009-02-04T10:54:00.000-08:00

The Pentium M brand refers to only two single-core 32-bit x86 microprocessors (with the Intel P6 microarchitecture) introduced in March 2003 (during the heyday of the Pentium 4 desktop CPUs), and forming a part of the Intel Centrino platform. The Pentium M branded processors had a maximum power consumption (TDP) of 3-25 W, and were intended for use in laptop personal computers (thus the "M" moniker standing for mobile). They evolved from the core of the last Pentium III branded CPU by adding the bus interface of Pentium 4 one, an improved instruction decoding/issuing front end, improved branch prediction, SSE2 support, and a much larger cache. The first Pentium M branded CPU, codenamed the Banias, was followed by the second one - the Dothan. After the Pentium M branded processors, Intel released the Core branded dual-core mobile Yonah CPU with a modified microarchitecture. Pentium M branded CPUs can be considered as the end of the Intel P6 microarchitecture.

Overview

The Pentium M represented a new and radical departure for Intel, as it was not a low-power version of the desktop-oriented Pentium 4, but instead a heavily modified version of the Pentium III Tualatin design (itself based on the Pentium Pro core design). It is optimised for power efficiency, a vital characteristic for extending notebook computer battery life. Running with very low average power consumption and much lower heat output than desktop processors, the Pentium M runs at a lower clock speed than the laptop version of the Pentium 4 (The Pentium 4-Mobile, or P4-M), but with similar performance - a 1.6 GHz Pentium M can typically attain the performance of a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4-M. The Pentium M (model 740) has been tested to perform up to about 7,400 MIPS and 3.9 GFLOPS (using SSE2).

The Pentium M coupled the execution core of the Pentium III with a Pentium 4 compatible bus interface, an improved instruction decoding/issuing front end, improved branch prediction, SSE2 support, and a much larger cache. The usually power-hungry secondary cache uses an access method which switches on only the portion being accessed. The large size of the cache was in fact so that a decent-sized portion of cache would still be available to the processor even when most of the L2 cache was switched off, but its large size led to a welcome improvement in performance.

Other power saving methods include dynamically variable clock frequency and core voltage, allowing the Pentium M to throttle clock speed when the system is idle in order to conserve energy, using the SpeedStep 3 technology (which has more sleep stages than previous versions of SpeedStep). With this technology, a 1.6 GHz Pentium M can effectively throttle to clock speeds of 200 MHz, 400 MHz, 600 MHz, 800 MHz, 1000 MHz, 1200 MHz, 1400 MHz and 1600 MHz; these intermediate clock states allow the CPU to better throttle clock speed to suit conditions. The power requirements of the Pentium M varies from 5 watts when idle to 27 watts at full load. This is useful to notebook manufacturers as it allows them to include the Pentium M into smaller notebooks.

Although Intel has marketed the Pentium M exclusively as a mobile product, motherboard manufacturers such as AOpen, DFI and MSI have been shipping Pentium M compatible boards designed for enthusiast, HTPC, workstation and server applications. An adapter, the CT-479, has also been developed by ASUS to allow the use of Pentium M processors in selected ASUS motherboards designed for Socket 478 Pentium 4 processors. Shuttle Inc. offers packaged Pentium M desktops, marketed for low energy consumption and minimal cooling system noise. Pentium M processors are also of interest to embedded systems' manufacturers because the low power consumption of the Pentium M allows the design of fanless and miniaturized embedded PCs.

Banias

As the M line was originally designed in Israel, the first Pentium M was identified by the codename Banias, named after an ancient site in the Golan Heights. Given the product code 80535, it initially had no model number suffix, but was later identified as the Pentium M 705. It was manufactured on a 130 nm process, was released at frequencies from 900 MHz to 1.7 GHz using a 400 MT/s FSB, and had 1 megabyte (MB) of Level 2 cache. The core average TDP (Thermal Design Power) is 24.5 watts.

Dothan

Intel launched its improved Pentium M, formerly known as Dothan, named after another ancient town in Israel, on May 10, 2004. Dothan Pentium M processors (product code 80536) are among the first Intel processors to be identified using a "processor number" rather than a clockspeed rating, and the mainstream versions are known as Pentium M 710 (1.4 GHz), 715 (1.5 GHz), 725 (1.6 GHz), 735 (1.7 GHz), 740 (1.73 GHz), 745 (1.8 GHz), 750 (1.86 GHz), 755 (2.0 GHz), and 765 (2.1 GHz).

These 700 series Pentium M processors retain the same basic design as the original Pentium M, but are manufactured on a 90 nm process, with twice the secondary cache. Die size, at 84 mm², remains in the same neighborhood as the original Pentium M, even though the 700 series contains approximately 140 million transistors, most of which make up the 2 MB cache. TDP is also down to 21 watts (from 24.5 watts in Banias), though power use at lower clockspeeds has increased slightly. However, tests conducted by third party hardware review sites show that Banias and Dothan equipped notebooks have roughly equivalent battery life. Additionally third party hardware review sites have benchmarked the Dothan at approx 10-20% better performance than the Banias in most situations.

The processor line has models running at clock speeds from 1.0 GHz to 2.26 GHz as of July 2005. The models with lower frequencies were either low voltage or ultra-low voltage CPUs designed for even better battery life and reduced heat output. The 718 (1.3 GHz), 738 (1.4 GHz), and 758 (1.5 GHz) models are low-voltage (1.116 V) with a TDP of 10 W, while the 723 (1.0 GHz), 733 (1.1 GHz), and 753 (1.2 GHz) models are ultra-low voltage (0.940 V) with a TDP of 5 W.

Revisions of the Dothan core were released in the first quarter of 2005 with the Sonoma chipsets and supported a 533 MT/s FSB and XD (Intel's name for the NX bit) (and the PAE support required for it was enabled, unlike earlier Pentium Ms that had it disabled). These processors include the 730 (1.6 GHz), 740 (1.73 GHz), 750 (1.86 GHz), 760 (2.0 GHz) and 770 (2.13 GHz). These models all have a TDP of 27 W and a 2 MB L2 cache.

In July 2005, Intel released the 780 (2.26 GHz) and the low-voltage 778 (1.60 GHz).

The CPUID signature for a Dothan is 0x6DX.

This processor is still commercially offered, for example in the current version 701 of the Asus Eee PC subnotebook.

Core Solo and Core Duo

The next generation of processors (with a microarchitecture being a derivative of P6 found in Pentium M CPUs), codenamed Yonah, was released under the Intel Core brand, as Core Duo and Core Solo (Duo with one disabled core).

Intel vPro,Intel Trusted Execution Technology (Intel TXT),Industry-standard Trusted Platform Module version 1.2 (TPM)

2009-01-31T10:32:00.000-08:00

Intel vPro technology is a set of features built into a PC’s motherboard and other hardware. Intel vPro is not the PC itself, nor is it a single set of management features (such as Intel Active Management Technology (Intel AMT)) for sys-admins. Intel vPro is a combination of processor technologies, hardware enhancements, management features, and security technologies that allow remote access to the PC -- including monitoring, maintenance, and management -- independently of the state of the operating system (OS) or power state of the PC. Intel vPro is intended to help businesses gain certain maintenance and servicing advantages, security improvements, and cost benefits in information technology (IT) areas.

Relationships between Intel vPro, Intel AMT, Intel Centrino 2, and Intel Core 2

The numerous Intel brands can be confusing. The key differences between vPro (a platform), AMT (a technology), Centrino 2 (a package of technologies), and Core 2 (a processor) are as follows:

Intel Core 2 Duo or Quad processors are central processing units (CPUs), the brains of the PC. Intel Centrino 2 processor technology is a package of technologies that includes the Intel Core 2 Duo. Intel Centrino 2 is designed for mobile PCs, such as laptops and other small devices. Core 2 and Centrino 2 have evolved to use Intel's latest 45-nm manufacturing processes, have multi-core processing, and are designed for multithreading.

Intel vPro technology is a set of technologies built into the hardware of the laptop or desktop PC. The technology is targeted at businesses, not consumers. A PC with vPro includes Intel AMT, Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT), Intel Trusted Execution Technology (Intel TXT), a gigabit network connection, and so on. You can have a PC with a Core 2 processor, without vPro built in. However, vPro features require a PC with at least a Core 2 or Centrino processor. Current versions of vPro are built into PCs with Core 2 Duo or Quad processors or Centrino 2 processors.

Intel AMT is part of the Intel Management Engine, which is built into PCs with Intel vPro technology. Intel AMT is a set of remote management and security features designed into the PC’s hardware and which allow a sys-admin with AMT security privileges to access system information and perform specific remote operations on the PC. These operations include remote power up/down (via wake on LAN), remote / redirected boot (via integrated device electronics redirect, or IDE-R), console redirection (via serial over LAN), and other remote management and security features.

Intel vPro technology Features

Intel vPro is a “platform” or set of PC hardware features. PCs with vPro have three main elements: 1) Core 2 Duo/Quad or Centrino 2 processor for business applications; 2) integrated components (such as 64-bit graphics) to reduce the number of discrete components in the system; and 3) hardware-based management and security technology (such as Intel AMT).
A vPro PC includes:

* Multi-core, multi-threaded Intel Core 2 Duo or Quad processors.
* Intel Active Management Technology (Intel AMT), a set of hardware-based features targeted at businesses and which allow remote access to the PC for management and security tasks, when an OS is down or PC power is off. Note that AMT is not the same as Intel vPro; AMT is only one element of a vPro PC.
* Remote configuration technology for AMT, with certificate-based security. Remote configuration can be performed on “bare-bones” systems, before the OS and/or software management agents are installed.
* Wired and wireless (laptop) network connection.
* Intel Trusted Execution Technology (Intel TXT), which is used to verify a launch environment and establish the root of trust, which in turn allows software to build a chain of trust for virtualized environments. Intel TXT also protects secrets during power transitions for both orderly and disorderly shutdowns (a traditionally vulnerable period for security credentials).
* Support for IEEE 802.1x, Cisco Self Defending Network (SDN), and Microsoft Network Access Protection (NAP) in laptops, and support for 802.1x and Cisco SDN in desktop PCs. Support for these security technologies allows Intel vPro to store the security posture of a PC so that the network can authenticate the system before the OS and applications load, and before the PC is allowed access to the network.
* Intel Virtualization Technology, including Intel VT for memory, CPU, and Directed I/O, to support virtualized environments. Intel VT is hardware-based technology, not software-based virtualization. Intel VT lets you run multiple OSs (traditional virtualization) on the same PC or run a specialized or critical application in a separate space -- a virtual PC on the physical system -- in order to help protect the application or privacy of sensitive information.
* Execute Disable Bit which, when supported by the OS, can help prevent some types of buffer overflow attacks.
* Support for Microsoft Windows Vista, including Microsoft Windows Vista BitLocker with an industry-standard Trusted Platform Module version 1.2 and Intel graphics support for Windows Vista AERO graphical user interface.

Remote-Management Features

Intel AMT is the set of management and security features built into vPro PCs and which are intended to make it easier for a sys-admin to monitor, maintain, secure, and service PCs. Intel AMT (the management technology) is sometimes mistaken for being the same as Intel vPro (the PC "platform"), because AMT is one of the most visible technologies of an Intel vPro-based PC.

Intel AMT includes:

* Encrypted remote power up/down/reset (via wake on LAN, or WOL)
* Remote/redirected boot (via integrated device electronics redirect, or IDE-R)
* Console redirection (via serial over LAN, or SOL)
* Preboot access to BIOS settings
* Programmable filtering for inbound and outbound network traffic
* Agent presence checking
* Out-of-band policy-based alerting
* Access to system information, such as the PC’s universal unique ID (UUID), hardware asset information, persistent event logs, and other information that is stored in dedicated memory (not on the hard drive) where it is accessible even if the OS is down or the PC is powered off.

Hardware-based management has been available in the past, but it has been limited to auto-configuration using DHCP or BOOTP for dynamic IP allocation and diskless workstations, as well as Wake On LAN for remotely powering on systems.

Wireless Communication

Intel vPro supports encrypted wired and wireless LAN wireless communication for all remote management features for PCs inside the corporate firewall. Intel vPro supports encrypted communication for some remote management features for wired and wireless LAN PCs outside the corporate firewall.

Wireless Communication for Laptops

Laptops with vPro include a gigabit network connection and support IEEE 802.11 a/g/n wireless protocols.

Wireless Communication for Intel AMT

Intel vPro PCs support wireless communication to the AMT features.

For wireless laptops on battery power, communication with AMT features can occur when the system is awake and connected to the corporate network. This communication is available if the OS is down or management agents are missing.

AMT out-of-band communication and some AMT features are available for wireless or wired laptops connected to the corporatenetwork over a host OS-based virtual private network (VPN) when laptops are awake and working properly.

Encrypted Communication while Roaming

Intel vPro PCs support encrypted communication while roaming.

vPro PCs version 4.0 or higher support security for mobile communications by establishing a secure tunnel for encrypted AMT communication with the managed service provider when roaming (operating on an open, wired LAN outside the corporate firewall). Secure communication with AMT can be established if the laptop is powered down or the OS is disabled. The AMT encrypted communication tunnel is designed to allow sys-admins to access a laptop or desktop PC at satellite offices where there is no on-site proxy server or management server appliance.

Secure communications outside the corporate firewall depends on adding a new element -- a management presence server (Intel calls this a “vPro-enabled gateway”) -- to the network infrastructure. This will require integration with network switch manufacturers, firewall vendors, and vendors who design management consoles in order to create an infrastructure that supports encrypted roaming communication. So although encrypted roaming communication is enabled as a feature in vPro PCs version 4.0 and higher, the feature may not be fully useful (except in having a "ready" PC) until the infrastructure is functional.

Security and Intel vPro PCs

vPro security technologies and methodologies are designed into the PC’s chipset and other system hardware. Because the vPro security technologies are designed into system hardware instead of software, they are less vulnerable to hackers, computer viruses, computer worms, and other threats that typically affect an OS or software applications installed at the OS level (such as virus scan, antispyware, inventory, and other security or management applications).

For example, during deployment of vPro PCs, security credentials, keys, and other critical information are stored in protected memory (not on the hard disk drive), and erased when no longer needed.

Intel vPro Security Features

Intel vPro supports industry-standard methodologies and protocols, as well as other vendors’ security features:

* Intel Trusted Execution Technology (Intel TXT).
* Industry-standard Trusted Platform Module version 1.2 (TPM).
* Support for IEEE 802.1x, Preboot Execution Environment (PXE), Cisco Self Defending Network (SDN), and Microsoft Network Access Protection (NAP) in laptops, and support for IEEE 802.1x, Preboot Execution Environment (PXE), and Cisco Self Defending Network (SDN) in desktop PCs.
* Execute Disable Bit.
* Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT).

Intel vPro Security Technologies and Methodologies

Intel vPro uses several industry-standard security technologies and methodologies to secure the remote vPro communication channel. These technologies and methodologies also improve security for accessing the PC’s critical system data, BIOS settings, Intel AMT management features, and other sensitive features or data; and protect security credentials and other critical information during deployment (setup and configuration of Intel AMT) and vPro use.

* Transport layer security protocol, including pre-shared key TLS (TLS-PSK) to secure communications over the out-of-band network interface. The TLS implementation uses AES 128-bit encryption and RSA keys with modulus lengths of 2048 bits.
* HTTP digest authentication protocol as defined in RFC 2617. The management console authenticates IT administrators who manage PCs with Intel AMT
* Single sign-on to Intel AMT with Microsoft Windows domain authentication, based on the Microsoft Active Directory and Kerberos protocols.
* A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) in the firmware of the AMT PC, which generates high-quality session keys for secure communication.
* Only digitally signed firmware images (signed by Intel) are permitted to load and execute.
* Tamper-resistant and access-controlled storage of critical management data, via a protected, persistent (nonvolatile) data store (a memory area not on the hard drive) in the Intel AMT hardware.
* Access control lists for Intel AMT realms and other management functions.

Intel Viiv,Intel 975X Express, 955X Express, 945G Express, 945P Express, 945GT Express, P965 Express, G965 Express,Intel PRO/1000 PM, PRO/100 VE

2009-01-31T10:30:00.000-08:00

Viiv (IPA: /ˈvaɪv/, rhymes with five) was a platform initiative from Intel similar to Intel's Centrino and vPro. Initially (through release 1.7) was a collection of computer technologies with a particular combination of Intel ingredients to support a "media PC" concept. Intel also provided the Media Server as the core software stack on the PC to support "media" distribution through the home.

Marketing

Until 2007, Viiv was Intel's attempt to become the center of electronic-based home entertainment. Intel is repeating the marketing model for the very successful Centrino platform, which was their first branded platform. Until recently reported by several online tech news website , the Intel Viiv brand will be "de-emphasized" and come after the CPU branding, similar to that of "Core 2 with Viiv inside", putting more focus on the CPU.

There will be no additional releases beyond 1.7.1 of the media server product. Viiv attempted to become the center of electronic-based home entertainment by focusing on Core 2 processor centric technology.

Release history

* The platform was originally codenamed East Fork and received some press coverage under this name.

* Viiv Media Server 1.0 was released on January 5, 2006 during the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) with initial partner agreements with ESPN, Movielink, T Mobile, TiVo, Yahoo, AOL, Napster, Virgin Records, Gametap, Adobe, Google, DirecTV and Pinnacle. Initially, Viiv is a particular combination of CPU, mainboard chipset, software, Digital Rights Management and network card. It is intended for primary use as an in-home media and desktop platform with the ability to operate as a normal PC or as a hardware media player/centre - running applications, playing DVDs, CDs, MP3, photographs and games as well as subscription-based, DRM-restricted content such as LOVEFiLM, Napster and SKY.

* Viiv 1.5 has updated features including matrix storage, integrated Media Server and support for Digital Media Adaptors.

* Viiv 1.6 has the same functionality of version 1.5 and supports Microsoft Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate, 32-bit versions.

* Viiv 1.7 has an improved user interface, enhanced media features, simplified network map with ability to edit device settings and resolved issues. There will be no more versions of Viiv Mediserver product, as development has moved from focusing on media products to focus on delivery of Intel Core 2 processors in 2008. Intel doesn’t plan to update Viiv software for Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 or any future Service Pack releases.

Features

To be certified as a Viiv-technology based, PCs must feature one of the following dual-core or quad-core processors:

* Intel Pentium D
* Intel Pentium Extreme Edition
* Intel Core Duo
* Intel Core 2 Duo
* Intel Core 2 Extreme
* Intel Core 2 Quad

Alongside one of the following chipsets:

* Intel 975X Express, 955X Express, 945G Express, 945P Express, 945GT Express, P965 Express, G965 Express or
* Mobile Intel 945GM Express Chipset

And one of the following network adapters:

* Intel PRO/1000 PM, PRO/100 VE, or PRO/100 VM

Some of the other features of Viiv PCs include:

* Intel Matrix Storage Technology for setting up a RAID 0, 1, 5, or 10 array.
* Support for up to 1080i high-definition television
* Optional Integrated Media Server (IMS) - software designed to allow other portable devices in the same network.
* 64-bit processor running a 32-bit operating system.
* Gigabit ethernet controller (only with Intel PRO/1000 PM Network Adapter)
* Integrated digital video recorder (DVR)
* Optional TV tuner
* At least 5.1 channel audio, up to 7.1 audio
* Intel's Quick Resume technology: allows on and off in a few seconds like a normal VCR or DVD player (Viiv 1.5 and prior versions)
* Windows XP Media Center Edition with Update Rollup 2 or Windows Vista Home Premium or Ultimate, 32-bit versions.

Competition

On the entertainment front, AMD is attempting to directly compete with Viiv through AMD LIVE!. AMD LIVE! is focused on the Athlon 64 X2 CPU, Windows Media Center Edition and a number of partners in the media and entertainment industry. AMD has not announced any compatible subscription services for films or games.

Further confusion to both Intel's Viiv and even more to AMD's LIVE! offering is the launch of Microsoft Live as a direct competitor to Google mail, maps, search and other offerings.

Digital Rights Management

The Viiv media platform included components that may be used by content owners to implement more tamper resistant DRM systems using features present in Intel's newest processor, the Core 2 Duo.

Although currently the TPM chip is being included in many new laptops and desktops, Viiv does not currently depend on it. The inclusion of TPM in future versions of Viiv is yet to be confirmed. Currently, DRM systems work on Intel Viiv technology-based PCs just like they do any other electronic device.

Users have traditionally had concerns over DRM systems, primarily things like vendor lock-in, but also concerns that a DRM system would lock content that was previously not restricted, such as store bought CDs. However despite current and past fears, the Viiv platform does not add DRM to media content, and will play back open, unencrypted formats just like any other computer. Program execution is also not altered and specific programs are not prevented from running, which means that systems can operate peer-to-peer networks such as BitTorrent, Kazaa and Soulseek without limitation. Restriction mechanisms are present, however, and can be enforced after software updates.

Intel Atom,Silverthorne,Diamondville,Dual core Diamondville,ARM RISC

2009-01-31T10:28:00.000-08:00

Intel Atom is the brand name for a line of x86 and x86-64 CPUs (or microprocessors) from Intel, previously code-named Silverthorne and Diamondville processors, designed for a 45 nm CMOS process and intended for use in ultra-mobile PCs, smart phone and other portable and low-power applications.

Background

Prior to the announcement, outside sources had speculated that Atom would have competed with AMD's Geode system-on-a-chip processors, currently used by the One Laptop per Child project, and other cost- and power-sensitive applications for x86 architecture processors. However, Intel revealed on October 15, 2007 that it is developing another new mobile processor, codenamed Diamondville, for OLPC-type devices.

"Atom" was the name that Silverthorne was given, while the formerly code-named Menlow platform it sits on will be sold under the brand name Centrino Atom Intel's Atom press release only mentions "Diamondville" once and seems to imply that it too will be named "Atom". This seems to strengthen speculation that Diamondville is simply a lower-cost, higher-yielding version of Silverthorne with slightly higher TDPs at slightly lower clock speeds.

At Spring Intel Developer Forum (IDF) 2008 in Shanghai, Intel officially announced that Silverthorne and Diamondville are based on the same microarchitecture. Silverthorne will be called the Atom Z series and Diamondville will be called the Atom N series. The more expensive lower-power Silverthorne parts will be used in Intel Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) whereas Diamondville will be used in low-cost desktop and notebooks. Several Mini-ITX motherboard samples have also been revealed. Intel and Lenovo also jointly announced an Atom powered MID called the IdeaPad U8. The IdeaPad U8 weighs 280g and has a 4.8" touchscreen providing better portability than a netbook PC and easier Internet viewing than a mobile phone or PDA.

In April 2008, an MID development kit was announced by Sophia Systems and the first board called CoreExpress was revealed by a German company Lippert. Intel offers Atom based motherboards.

Availability

Atom processors became available to system manufacturers in 2008. Due to the fact that they are soldered, like northbridges & southbridges, onto a mainboard, Atom processors are not yet available to home users or system builders, although they may be obtained preinstalled on some ITX motherboards. The Diamondville Atom is used in the HP Mini Series, Lenovo s10, Acer Aspire One & Packard Bell's "dot" (ZG5), recent ASUS Eee PC, Dell Inspiron Mini 9, Gigabyte M912, LG X Series, Samsung NC10, Toshiba NB100 and MSI Wind PC netbooks.

Architecture

Intel Atom can execute up to two instructions per cycle, and compares or exceeds the Pentium M in performance. Atom implements the x86 (IA-32) instruction set; x86-64 is so far only activated for the Atom 230 and 330 desktop models. N and Z series Atom models cannot run x86-64 code. Like many other designs it divides certain x86-instructions into simpler internal operations prior to execution, but to a significantly lesser extent (only ~4%) than in the Intel P6 (microarchitecture) and NetBurst families. In the Atom, internal μ-ops can contain both a memory load and a memory store in connection with an ALU operation, thus being more similar to the x86 level and more powerful than the μ-ops used in previous designs. This enables relatively good performance with only two integer ALUs, and without any instruction reordering, speculative execution, or register renaming. Atom therefore represents a partial revival of the principles used in earlier Intel designs such as Intel P5 and the i486, with the sole purpose of enhancing the performance per watt ratio.

It has been speculated that the die space used to perform x86-decoding will put the Atom design at a disadvantage compared to other mobile architectures, such as the ARM architecture. The Moorestown platform which is the successor of the Menlow Platform will be a system-on-a-chip design that uses half the power of a Silverthorne processor. The reduced power consumption will make the platform more desirable for use in smartphones and other mobile internet devices.

Silverthorne

On March 2, 2008, Intel announced a new single-core processor (code-named Silverthorne) to be used in ultra-mobile PCs/Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs) which will supersede Intel A100. The processor is a 47 million transistor, 25 mm2, sub-3W IA processor which allows ~2500 chips to fit on a single 300 mm diameter wafer, allowing for extremely economical production.

A 0.8 GHz Atom processor's single thread performance is equivalent to its predecessor Intel A110, but should outperform it on applications that can leverage simultaneous multithreading, SSE3, and Intel 64 extensions. They run from 0.8 to 1.866 GHz and have between 0.65 and 2.4 W TDP rating respectively that can dip down to 0.01 W when idle, but that does not include the power consumption of the chipset. It features a 2-issue simultaneous multithreading, 16 stage in-order pipeline with 32KB iL1 and 24KB dL1 caches, integer and floating point execution units, x86 front end, a 512KB L2 cache and a 533MT/s front-side bus. The design is manufactured in 9M 45nm High-k metal-gate CMOS and housed in a 441-ball µFCBGA package.

Mobile Diamondville

On March 2, 2008, Intel announced a Dual-Core processor (code-named Diamondville) to be used in the Classmate PC Netbook. It is used in Intel's low-cost Mini-ITX motherboards (code-named "Little Falls") and in a number of netbooks. It will supersede Conroe L by using Diamondville as Dual-Core (N270: 2.5 W TDP) for laptop or desktop (230: 4 W TDP), running at 1.6 GHz per core.

Dual core Diamondville

On September 22, 2008, Intel announced a new dual-core processor (unofficially code-named Dual Diamondville) branded Atom 330 of the Atom 300 series to be used in desktop computers. It runs at 1.6 GHz and has a 8 W TDP rating. Its dual core comprises two Diamondville dies next to each other on a single package (substrate).

Power requirements

While the Atom processor itself is relatively power efficient for an x86 instruction set chip, the chipsets used with it are currently not as power efficient. For example while the N270 chip itself commonly used in netbooks has a maximum TDP of 2.5 W, the Intel Atom platform with the 945GSE Express chipset has a specified maximum TDP of 11.8 W, with the processor only making up a relatively small portion of the total power. Individual figures are 2.5W for the N270 processor, 6W for the 945GSE chipset and 3.3W for the 82801GBM I/O controller. Intel also provides the Intel System Controller Hub US15W chipset with a TDP of less than 5W for the Atom processor Z5xx (Silverthorne) series to be used in ultra-mobile PCs/Mobile Internet Devices (MIDs).

Future

The next generation of the Atom, "Lincroft," architecture will be launched in the second half of 2009 and is code-named Pineview. It will be used in Netbook/Nettop systems, and feature a system-on-chip (SOC) with an integrated single-channel DDR2 memory controller and an integrated graphics core. Pineview, like Diamondville, will be available in single and dual-core versions. It will feature HyperThreading, and is to be manufactured on a 45nm or 32 nm process.

In addition to launching the Lincroft platform, it is widely anticipated but not yet confirmed that Intel will update the existing platform in the first half of 2009. An "N280" Diamondville CPU, running at a core clock speed of 1.66GHz and a 667MHz front side bus is expected, which would be paired with a new "GN40" graphics chipset in place of the Intel GMA 950 which is used with the N270. The resultant system would have a higher per-unit cost than the N270.

Intel CEO Paul Otellini has stated that, along with other improvements, Atom (specifically Silverthorne) will shrink to the 32 nm process in 2009. It has been suggested that the Atom will be the first Intel chip to transition to 32 nm due to its small size and low complexity.

Competition

Nvidia launched its Tegra line of processors in June 2008. The performance and power consumption of the Tegra processor is claimed to be better than Intel's Atom. The Nvidia's Tegra CPU offering is based on the ARM RISC architecture, which uses a different instruction set from the x86-32 bit and AMD 64. Because it does not use the same instruction set, Tegra processors will not be able to execute programs built for the Atom or other x86 based machines. However, ARM is frequently used in handheld devices, such as PDAs, GPS systems, cell phones, and game systems such as the Nintendo DS.

The VIA C7/Nano series is slightly above the average thermal envelope of the Atom, but has hardware AES support, out-of-order execution for the Nano (C7 is an in-order architecture), hardware random number generators. Performance comparisons of the Intel Atom against the Via Nano come to simple conclusions. In general terms a single core Intel Atom is outperformed by the Via Nano which is in turn outperformed by a dual core Intel Atom in tests where the second core is used.

Intel Core 2,Duo, Quad, and Extreme,Processor cores,Conroe XE,Allendale,MeromXE,Kentsfield,Penryn,Wolfdale,YorkfieldXE,Q9300 and Q9450,QX6800 - 130

2009-01-31T10:21:00.000-08:00

The Core 2 brand refers to a range of Intel's consumer 64-bit single- and dual-core and 2x2 MCM (Multi-Chip Module) quad-core CPUs with the x86-64 instruction set, based on the Intel Core microarchitecture, derived from the 32-bit dual-core Yonah laptop processor. (Note: The Yonah's silicon chip or die comprised two interconnected cores, each similar to those branded Pentium M). The 2x2 MCM dual-die quad-core CPU had two separate dual-core dies (CPUs)—next to each other—in one quad-core MCM package. The Core 2 relegated the Pentium brand to a mid-end market, and reunified laptop and desktop CPU lines, which previously had been divided into the Pentium 4, D, and M brands.

The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rate and improved processors' usage of both available clock cycles and power compared with preceding NetBurst of the Pentium 4/D-branded CPUs. Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buses, reducing the power consumption of Core 2-branded CPUs, while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied very wildly in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture and semiconductor process, shown in the CPU power dissipation tables.

The Core 2 brand was introduced on July 27, 2006, comprising the Solo (single-core), Duo (dual-core), Quad (quad-core), and Extreme (dual- or quad-core CPUs for enthusiasts) branches, during 2007. Intel Core 2 processors with vPro technology (designed for businesses) include the dual-core and quad-core branches.

The brand became immediately successful. The processors were introduced into Apple's popular MacBook series of notebooks, at the time Apple CEO Steve Jobs justified the entire switch to Intel from IBM's PowerPC processors by the Core 2 series' ability to provide high performance at low power consumption, renaming the "PowerBook" series to MacBook to note their lowered power consumption. The series of processors reasserted Intel's role in the processor market after a period in which AMD processors began significantly encroaching on Intel's market share. The processor series became so successful that AnandTech Senior Editor Gary Kay coined the phrase "Conroe" as a verb to describe the releasing of a product that eclipses the competition in a previously hotly contested market.

Duo, Quad, and Extreme

The Core 2-branded CPUs include: "Conroe" (dual-core for higher- and lower-end desktops), "Merom" (dual-core for laptops), "Kentsfield" (quad-core for desktops), and their variants named "Penryn" (dual-core for laptops), "Wolfdale" (dual-core for desktops, low-end dual-core for desktops) and "Yorkfield" (quad-core for desktops). (Note: For the server and workstation "Woodcrest", "Clovertown", and "Tigerton" CPUs see the Xeon brand.)

The Core 2 branded processors featured the Virtualization Technology (with some exceptions), Execute Disable Bit, and SSE3. Their Core microarchitecture introduced also SSSE3, Trusted Execution Technology, Enhanced SpeedStep, and Active Management Technology (iAMT2). With a Thermal Design Power (TDP) of up to only 65 W, the Core 2 dual-core Conroe consumed only half the power of less capable, but also dual-core Pentium D-branded desktop chips with a TDP of up to 130 W (a high TDP requires additional cooling that can be noisy or expensive).

Processor cores

Conroe

The first Intel Core 2 Duo branded processor cores, code-named Conroe (Intel product code 80557), were launched on July 27, 2006, at Fragapalooza, a yearly gaming event in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. These processors were fabricated on 300 mm wafers using a 65 nm manufacturing process, and intended for desktop computers, as a replacement for the Pentium 4 and Pentium D branded CPUs. Intel has claimed that Conroe provides 40% more performance at 40% less power compared to the Pentium D. All Conroe processors are manufactured with 4 MB L2 cache; however, due to manufacturing defects or possibly for marketing purposes, the E6300 and E6400 versions based on this core have half their cache disabled, leaving them with only 2 MB of usable L2 cache. These Conroe-based E6300 and E6400 CPUs have the B2 stepping.

The lower end E6300 (1.86 GHz) and E6400 (2.13 GHz), both with a 1066 MT/s FSB, were released on July 27, 2006. Traditionally, CPUs of the same family with less cache simply have the unavailable cache disabled, since this allows parts that fail quality control to be sold at a lower rating. When yields improve, they may be replaced with versions that only have the cache amount needed on the die, to bring down manufacturing cost. At launch time, Intel's prices for the Core 2 Duo E6300 and E6400 processors were US$183 and US$224 each in quantities of 1000. Conroe CPUs have improved capabilities over previous models with similar processor clock rates. According to reviews, the larger 4 MB L2 cache vs. the smaller 2 MB L2 cache at the same frequency and FSB can provide a 0–9% performance gain with certain applications and 0–16% performance gain with certain games. The higher end Conroe processors are the E6600 (2.4 GHz) and E6700 (2.67 GHz) Core 2 Duo models. The family has a 1066 MT/s front side bus, 4 MB shared L2 cache, and 65 watts TDP. These processors have been tested against AMD's then-current top performing processors (Athlon 64 FX Series), which were, until this latest Intel release, the highest performance X86 CPUs available. Conroe chips also produce less heat than their predecessors — a benefit of the new 65 nm technology and the more efficient microarchitecture. At launch time, Intel's prices for the Core 2 Duo E6600 and E6700 processors were US$316 and US$530, respectively, each in quantities of 1000.

E6320 and E6420 Conroe CPUs at 1.86 and 2.13 GHz respectively were launched on April 22, 2007 featuring a full 4 MB of cache and are considered Conroes.

Intel released four additional Core 2 Duo Processors on July 22, 2007. The release coincided with that of the Intel Bearlake (x3x) chipsets. The new processors are named Core 2 Duo E6540, E6550, E6750, and E6850. Processors with a number ending in "50" have a 1333 MT/s FSB. The processors all have 4 MB of L2 cache. Their clock frequency is similar to that of the already released processors with the same first two digits (E6600, E6700, X6800). An additional model, the E6540, was launched with specifications similar to the E6550 but lacking Intel Trusted Execution Technology and vPro support. These processors are stated to compete with AMD's Phenom processor line and are therefore priced below corresponding processors with a 1066 MT/s FSB.

Intel has stated that the E6300 and the E6400 are Conroe CPUs with the cache disabled. Allendale core CPUs are the E4XX0 series of CPUs.

Conroe XE

The Core 2 Extreme was officially released on July 29, 2006. However some retailers appeared to have released it on July 13, 2006, though at a higher premium. The less powerful E6x00 models of Core 2 Duo were scheduled for simultaneous release with the X6800, which are both available at this time. It is powered by the Conroe XE core and replaces the dual-core Pentium Extreme Edition processors. Core 2 Extreme has a clock rate of 2.93 GHz and a 1066 MT/s FSB, although it was initially expected to be released with a 3.33 GHz and 1333 MT/s. The TDP for this family is 75–80 watts. With SpeedStep enabled, the average temperature of the CPU when idle is essentially that of the ambient atmosphere with its fan running at 1500 RPM.

At launch time, Intel's price for the Core 2 Extreme X6800 was US$999 each in quantities of 1000. Like the desktop Core 2 Duo, it has 4 MB of shared L2 cache available. This means that the only major difference between the regular Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme is the clock rate and unlocked multiplier, usual advantages of the "Extreme Edition." The unlocked upward multiplier is of use to enthusiasts as it allows the user to set the clock rate higher than shipping frequency without modifying the FSB unlike mainstream Core 2 Duo models which are downward unlocked only.

Conroe L

The Conroe-L Celeron is a single-core processor built on the Intel Core microarchitecture and is clocked much lower than the Cedar Mill Celerons, but still outperforms them. It is based on the 65 nm Conroe-L core, and uses a 400-series model number sequence. The FSB was increased from 533 MT/s to 800 MT/s in this generation, and the TDP was decreased from 65 W to 35 W. Traditionally with Celerons, it does not have Intel VT-x instruction support or SpeedStep. All Conroe-L models are single-core processors for the value segment of the market, much like the AMD K8-based Sempron. The product line was launched on June 5, 2007.

On October 21, 2007, Intel presented a new processor for its Intel Essential Series. The full name of the processor is a Celeron 220 and is soldered on the D201GLY2 motherboard. With 1.2 GHz and a 512 KB second level cache it has a TDP of 19 Watt and can be cooled passively. The Celeron 220 is the successor of the Celeron 215 which is based on a Yonah core and used on the D201GLY motherboard. This processor is exclusively used on the mini-ITX boards targeted to the sub-value market segment.

Allendale

There was contention regarding whether or not the previously available low-end Core 2 Duo desktop processors (E6300, at 1.86 GHz and E6400, at 2.13 GHz, both with 2 MB L2 cache) were specimens of the Allendale core. Prior to Q1 2007, all E6300 and E6400 processors released were Conroe (4 MB L2 cache) cores with half their L2 cache disabled. The Allendale core, manufactured with 2 MB L2 cache in total, offers a smaller die size and therefore greater yields.

Quoted from The Tech Report:

You'll find plenty of sources that will tell you the code name for these 2 MB Core 2 Duo processors is "Allendale," but Intel says otherwise. These CPUs are still code-named "Conroe," which makes sense since they're the same physical chips with half of their L2 cache disabled. Intel may well be cooking up a chip code-named Allendale with 2 MB of L2 cache natively, but this is not that chip.

Another difference between the premium E6000 series (Conroe core) and the E4000 series (Allendale core) is the front side bus clock rating. The E4000 series are rated to run on a quad-pumped 200 MHz front side bus ("800 MT/s") while the E6000 series are rated to run on a quad-pumped 266 MHz front side bus ("1066 MT/s"). The E4000 series also lack support for Intel VT-x instructions.

The Core 2 Duo E4300 uses an Allendale core, released on January 21, 2007. The Allendale processors use a smaller mask with only 2 MB of cache, thereby increasing the number of chips per wafer. Allendale processors are produced in the LGA775 form factor, on the 65 nm process node. E6300 and E6400 CPUs have been made from both the 4 MB Conroe die and the 2 MB L2 Allendale die. The steppings of the chip differs depending on the die used- the Conroe-based E6300 and E6400 are stepping B2 and the Allendale-based E6300 and E6400 are stepping L2.

Initial list price per processor in quantities of one thousand for the E4300 was US$163. A standard OEM price was US$175, or US$189 for a retail package. The price was cut on April 22, 2007, when the E4400 was released at $133 and the E4300 dropped to $113. Allendale processors with half their L2 cache disabled were released in mid-June 2007 under the Pentium Dual-Core brand name. The working cache memory was reduced by half again when the Allendale core was released under Intel's Celeron brand; the Celeron E1200 has a 512k L2 cache shared between its two cores.

On July 22, 2007, an E4500 Allendale was launched, phasing out the E4300 model. This was accompanied by a price cut for the E4400 model.

Merom

Merom, the first mobile version of the Core 2, was officially released on July 27, 2006 but quietly began shipping to PC manufacturers in mid-July alongside Conroe. Merom became Intel's premier line of mobile processors, with mostly the same features of Conroe, but with more emphasis on low power consumption to enhance notebook battery life. Merom-based Core 2 Duo provides a slight performance increase associated with 3D rendering and media encoding tasks , yet maintains the same battery life as the Yonah-based Core Duo. Merom is the first Intel mobile processor to feature Intel 64 architecture.

The first version of Merom is "drop-in" compatible with Napa platform for Core Duo, requiring at most a motherboard BIOS update. It has a similar thermal envelope of 34 W and the same 667 MT/s FSB rate. The Merom die features 4 MB L2 cache, half of which is deactivated in the T5xx0 CPUs. A native 2 MB L2 version of the Merom core, called Merom-2M, was rolled out in early 2007. The Merom-2M core uses the steppings L2 and M0 and the ultra-low-voltage versions of the Core 2 Duo use this core.

A second wave of Merom processors featuring an 800 MT/s FSB and using the new Socket P was launched on May 9, 2007. These chips are part of Santa Rosa platform. Low voltage versions were also released on May 9, 2007.

The first Core 2 Solo processors were launched in Q3 2007 and consisted of the U2100 and U2200, which run at 1.06 and 1.2 GHz, respectively. They both feature a 533 MT/s FSB and are part of Intel's ULW family, running at only 5 W. Like the rest of the Core 2 family, they are 64-bit compatible. They were released with compatibility with the Napa platform rather than the newer Santa Rosa platform due to power consumption concerns.

Merom (מרום) is the Hebrew word for a higher plane of existence or a level of heaven, BaMerom (במרום) means "in the heavens". The name was chosen by the Intel team in Haifa, Israel, who designed this processor.

Merom XE

The Core 2 Extreme Mobile processor, based on the Merom XE core, is a mobile CPU designed for ultra-high end laptops. It was released in two models, the X7900 and the X7800. These feature an 800 MT/s FSB. The X7800, introduced on July 16, 2007, is clocked at 2.6 GHz and costs around $851 for OEMs. The processor features a 44 W TDP and requires the new Intel Centrino (Santa Rosa) platform. The X7900, introduced on August 22, 2007, is clocked at 2.8 GHz.

Kentsfield

The Kentsfield released on November 2, 2006 was the first Intel desktop quad core CPU branded Core 2 (and Xeon for lower-end servers and workstations). The top-of-the-line Kentsfields were Core 2 Extreme models numbered QX6xx0, while the mainstream ones branded Core 2 Quad were numbered Q6xx0. All of them featured two 4 MB L2 caches. The mainstream Core 2 Quad Q6600, clocked at 2.4 GHz, was launched on January 8, 2007 at US$851 (reduced to US$530 on April 7, 2007). July 22, 2007 marked the release of the Q6700, and Extreme QX6850 Kentsfields at US$530 and US$999 respectively along with a further price reduction of the Q6600 to US$266.

Analogous to the Pentium D branded CPUs, the Kentsfields comprise two separate silicon dies (each equivalent to a single Core 2 duo) on one MCM. This results in lower costs but lesser share of the bandwidth from each of the CPUs to the northbridge than if the dies were each to sit in separate sockets as is the case for example with the AMD Quad FX platform. Also, as might be predicted from the two-die MCM configuration, the max power consumption (TDP) of the Kentsfield (QX6800 - 130 watts, QX6700 - 130 W, Q6600 - 95 W ) has been found to be double that of its similarly clocked Core 2 Duo counterpart.

The multiple cores of the Kentsfield most benefit applications that can easily be broken into a small number of parallel threads (such as audio and video transcoding, data compression, video editing, 3D rendering and ray-tracing). To take a specific example, multi-threaded games such as Crysis and Gears of War which must perform multiple simultaneous tasks such as AI, audio and physics benefit from the quad-core CPUs. In such cases, the processing performance may increase relative to that of a single-CPU system by a factor approaching the number of CPUs. This should, however, be considered an upper limit as it presupposes the user-level software is well-threaded. To return to the above example, some tests have demonstrated that Crysis fails to take advantage of more than two cores at any given time . On the other hand, the impact of this issue on broader system performance can be significantly reduced on systems which frequently handle numerous unrelated simultaneous tasks such as multi-user environments or desktops which execute background processes while the user is active. There is still, however, some overhead involved in coordinating execution of multiple processes or threads and scheduling them on multiple CPUs which scales with the number of threads/CPUs. Finally, on the hardware level there exists the possibility of bottlenecks arising from the sharing of memory and/or I/O bandwidth between processors.

Kentsfield XE

The first Kentsfield XE, named Core 2 Extreme QX6700 (product code 80562) and clocked at 2.67 GHz, was released on November 2, 2006, at US$999. January 4, 2008, marks its discontinuation. It featured the Kentsfield XE core, and complemented the Core 2 Extreme X6800 dual-core processor based on the Conroe XE core. Like their dual core Extreme predecessors, CPUs with the Kentsfield XE core had unlocked multipliers.

The Core 2 Extreme QX6800 clocked at 2.93 GHz was released on April 8, 2007, at US$1,199. It had a 130 W TDP thermal envelope, and was intended for high end OEM-only systems.

The Core 2 Extreme QX6850 clocked at 3.0 GHz was launched on July 22, 2007, at US$999. It featured a faster 1333 MT/s FSB. Simultaneously, the previously available Extreme QX6700 was reduced in price.

Penryn

The successor to the Merom core currently used for the Core 2 Duo T5000/T7000 series mobile processors, code-named Penryn, debuted on the 45 nanometer process. Many details about Penryn appeared at the April 2007 Intel Developer Forum. Its successor is Nehalem.

Important advances include the addition of new instructions including SSE4 (also known as Penryn New Instructions) and new fabrication materials; most significantly a hafnium-based high-k dielectric.

Penryn is paired with the 2007 desktop chipset series, Bearlake, some of whose models include an increase in bus performance (connection to the northbridge, etc.) to 1333 MT/s and support for DDR3 SDRAM. In notebooks and other mobile equipment, Penryn pairs with the mobile chipset series Crestline, which does not support DDR3, although Intel believes future DDR3 support will benefit mobile equipment's power- and heat-constrained environments.

Intel's new 45 nm Penryn-based Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme processors were released on January 6, 2008. The new processors launch exclusively within a 35 W thermal envelope. Penryn has also been released for notebooks with companies such as HP beginning to offer the first model, the T9500, from late January 2008. The T9500 offers a 2.6 GHz clock rate, higher than all but the Extreme Edition of the Merom range, and 6 MB (rather than 4 MB) of Level 2 Cache.

Intel released an Apple-only chip on April 28, 2008 that increased the clock rate to 3.06 GHz as well as increasing the Front Side Bus to 1066 MT/s, and changed the Cache to 6 MB shared L2.

The entry level Penryn is the T8xxx-Series, with only 3 MB Level 2 Cache and beginning with the T8100 at a clock rate of 2.1 GHz.

Wolfdale

Wolfdale is the codename for the E5000 Pentium Dual Core and E7000 and E8000 series of Core 2 Duo desktop processors, which are similar to the Penryn and Yorkfield XE dies and succeed the Conroe dies. Released on January 20, 2008, the chips are manufactured using a 45-nanometer process and feature two processor cores. The E7200 model, operating at 2.53 GHz, has 3 MB of L2 cache and a 1066 MT/s FSB; the other models, operating at 2.66 GHz, 3.0 GHz, 3.16 GHz, and 3.33 GHz, each have 6 MB of shared L2 cache and a 1333 MT/s FSB. The processor includes the SSE4.1 media extensions. The E5200 runs at 2.5 GHz and has 2 MB of L2 cache, replacing the E2000 series of Pentium Dual core chips.

Yorkfield

Yorkfield (codename for the Q9000 series) features a dual-die quad core design with two unified 6 MB L2 caches. Later versions were released with two unified 3 MB L2 caches but it is not known whether they are 6 MB caches with half disabled or native 3 MB design to reduce production cost. They also feature 1333 MT/s FSB and are compatible with the Bearlake chipset. These processors were released in late March 2008 beginning with the Q9300 and Q9450. Yorkfield CPUs were expected to be released in January 2008. However, the release of Yorkfield was delayed to March 15, 2008. Initially this delay was attributed to an error found in the Yorkfield chip, but later reports claimed that the delay was necessary in order to ensure compatibility with the 4-layer print-circuit boards utilized by many mainstream motherboards. At the Intel Developer Forum 2007, a Yorkfield processor was compared with a Kentsfield processor.

Yorkfield XE

On November 11, 2007, Intel released the first Yorkfield XE processor, Core 2 Extreme QX9650. It is the first Intel desktop processor to use 45 nm technology and high-k metal gates. Yorkfield features a dual-die quad core design with two unified level-two (L2) caches of 6 MB each. It also features a 1333 MT/s FSB and clock rate of 3 GHz. The processor incorporates SSE4.1 instructions and has total of 820 million transistors on 2x107 mm² dies.

Intel Core,945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, 965GT system chipsets,Core 2Duo,DDR-II RAM

2009-01-30T10:02:00.000-08:00

The Core brand refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs that derived from the Pentium M branded processors. The processor family used a more advanced version of the Intel P6 microarchitecture. It emerged in parallel with the NetBurst (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 brand, and was a precursor of the 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. The Core brand comprised two branches: the Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

The Core brand was launched on January 5, 2006 by the release of the 32-bit Yonah CPU - Intel's first dual-core mobile (low-power) processor. Its dual-core layout closely resembled two interconnected Pentium M branded CPUs packaged as a single die (piece) silicon chip (IC). Hence, the 32-bit microarchitecture of Core branded CPUs - contrary to its name - had more in common with Pentium M branded CPUs than with the subsequent 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded CPUs. Despite a major rebranding effort by Intel starting January 2006, some computers with the Yonah core continued to be marked as Pentium M.

The Core Duo is also famous for being the first Intel processor to ever be used in Apple Macintosh computers. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across their entire line.

In 2007, Intel began branding the Yonah core CPUs intended for mainstream mobile computers as Pentium Dual-Core. These are not to be confused with the desktop 64-bit Core microarchitecture CPUs also branded as Pentium Dual-Core.

September 2006 and January 4, 2008 mark a discontinuation of many Core branded CPUs.

Technical specifications

Core Duo contains 151 million transistors, including the shared 2 MB L2 cache. Yonah's execution core contains a 12 stage pipeline, forecast to eventually be able to run at a maximum frequency of 2.33–2.50 GHz. The communication between the L2 cache and both execution cores is handled by a bus unit controller through arbitration, which reduces cache coherency traffic over the FSB, at the expense of raising the core-to-L2 latency from 10 clock cycles (in the Dothan Pentium M) to 14 clock cycles. The increase in clock frequency offsets the impact of the increased clock cycle latency. The power management components of the core features improved grained thermal control, as well as independent scaling of power between the two cores, resulting in very efficient management of power.

Core processors communicate with the system chipset over a 667 MT/s front side bus (FSB), up from 533 MT/s used by the fastest Pentium M. T2050 & T2250 have also appeared in OEM systems as a low-cost option with a lower 533 MHz FSB and no Intel VT.

Yonah is supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT system chipsets. Core Duo and Core Solo use Socket M, but due to pin arrangement and new chipset functions are not compatible with any previous Pentium M motherboard.

The T2300E was later introduced as a replacement for the T2300. It has dropped support for Intel VT. Early Intel specifications mistakenly claimed a halving of the Thermal Design Power.

Advantages and shortcomings

The Duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) includes two computational cores, providing performance per watt almost as good as any previous single core Intel processors. In battery-operated devices such as notebook computers, this translates to getting as much total work done per battery charge as with older computers, although the same total work may be done faster. When parallel computations and multiprocessing are able to utilize both cores, the Intel Core Duo delivers much higher peak speed compared to the single-core chips previously available for mobile devices.

The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:

* The same or even slightly worse performance per watt in single threaded or non-parallel applications compared to its predecessor.
* 32-bit processes only. 64-bit processes are not supported. (See the Intel Core 2 successor, which is a 64-bit processor.)
* High memory latency due to the lack of on-die memory controller (further aggravated by system-chipset's use of DDR-II RAM)
* Limited Floating Point Unit (multiply/divide) throughput for non-parallel computations or single-threaded processes; this is due to the smaller number of floating-point units in each CPU core compared to some previous designs.

The Yonah platform requires all main-memory transactions to pass through the Northbridge of the chipset, increasing latency compared to the AMD's Turion platform. However, application tests showed Intel Core's L2-cache system is quite effective at overcoming main-memory latency; despite this limitation, Intel Core (Yonah) sometimes managed to outperform AMD's Turion.

The Sossaman processor for servers, which is based on Yonah, also lacks Intel 64-bit support. For the server market, this had more severe consequences, since all major server operating systems already supported x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

According to Mobile Roadmaps from 2005, Intel's Yonah project originally focused more on reducing the power consumption of its p6+ Pentium M-based processor and aimed to reduce it by 50% for Intel Core (Yonah). Intel continued recommending Pentium NetBurst-based processors for mobile high performance applications (although these were less power efficient) until the Yonah project succeeded in extracting higher performance from its lower-power-consumption design. The Intel Core Duo's inclusion of two highly-efficient cores on one chip can provide better performance than a Pentium NetBurst core, but with much better power-efficiency. Intel no longer recommends its Pentium Netburst-based processors for mobile devices.

On July 27, 2006, Intel's Core 2 processors were released. By 2Q 2007, Intel expected 90% of its laptop CPU production to be converted to the heavily-revised Intel Core 2 processors. The original Intel Core (Yonah) product had an unusually short lifespan as a stepping stone to the 64-bit Intel Core 2.

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The Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator (MCSA) on Microsoft Windows 2003 certification is designed for professionals who implement, manage, and troubleshoot existing network and system environments based on the Microsoft Windows 2003.

To Obtain:
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[2] Core exams must include one Client Operating System Exam (70-210 or 70-270) and two Networking System Exams (70-215 or 70-275; 70-218 or 70-278).
[3] CompTIA certifications (A+ and Network+, or A+ and Server+, or Security+) count towards the elective requirement. The CompTIA Security+ certification satisfies both the MCSA elective requirement and an MCSA: Security specialization requirement.
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